https://www.moduscc.it/i-blog/la-little-... Articolo su Tientsin italiana con video del 1936(OTTIMO)
==============================
VITTORIO D'AFRICA
'''Vittorio d'Africa ''' was a small town in southern [[Italian Somalia]], created by Italian colonists in the 1920s. http://images.delcampe.com/img_large/auc... Map showing Vittorio d'Africa (green area was the farm concessions)]
==History==
The [[Genale Dam|Genale dam]] on the river [[Shebelle]], together with an extensive network of canals, was built in the south of [[Somalia]] in the late 1920s. It was strongly promoted by [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]] -Italian governor of [[Italian Somalia]] from 1924 to 1928- in order to provide water for irrigation of a vast territory of 20000 hectares between [[Genale Dorya|Genale]], [[Merca]] and Vittorio d'Africa, to be given in concession to [[Italian Somalians|colonists]].
One hundred of those colonists created in the south of the Genale concessions a small city named "Vittorio d'Africa", that had a population of nearly 1200 inhabitants in 1940. It was located 11 kms from [[Merca]]. The city was linked to the [[Port of Merca]] by a [[decauville]] railway http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/icc... Decauville Station], used to transport the huge production of bananas of the farms around Vittorio d'Africa http://www.postcardman.net/somalia/25756... Aerial view of some "banana farms"].
In 1929 was created in the city a special processing building (called "sgranatoio" in [[Italian language|Italian]]) where the [[cotton]] produced in the concessions was selected before the shipping to Italy. Given the importance of the area it was created, from the administrative point of view, the ''Vicecommissariato di Genale'' with Vittorio d'Africa as capital, where some industrial activities were focused also for the processing & shipping of agricultural products. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736... Foto of "sgranatoio" building in Vittorio d'Africa]
During [[WW2]] in Vittorio d'Africa was done by the Italians the last battle against the British army before the Allied attacked [[Mogadiscio]] in 1941: because of this fight the small city suffered heavy damages. After the war all the Italians moved away and the farm production dwindled, reducing the city to a kind of [[ghost town]].
Actually is growing in the area of the disappeared Vittorio d'Africa a small village of Somalis, called ''Shalam boot''.
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
* De Vecchi di Val Cismon, Cesare. ''Relazione sul progetto di Bilancio della Somalia Italiana per l'esercizio finanziario 1927-1928''.
* Tripodi, Paolo. ''The Colonial Legacy in Somalia''. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfg12XlA... Video showing some colonists of Vittorio d'Africa in 1938 (in Italian)]
==See also==
*[[Genale Dam]]
*[[Mogadiscio]]
*[[Genale Dorya|Genale]]
*[[Villabruzzi]]
*[[Italian Somalia]]
{{Somalia italiana (Colonia)}}
[[Category:Populated places in Lower Shebelle]]
===================================================
http://www.ssmaritime.com/sitmar0.htm CATELVERDE (con foto cabina passeggeri ed oblo'.....ricordi, ricordi, ricordi.....)
=====================================================
http://www.corriere.it/salute/cards/addo... esercizi per ridurre pancia senza mal di schiena
===================================================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-782-0013-35, Agedabia, Soldaten in Ortschaft.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Litoranea Balbo at [[Ajdabiya]], showing Italian and German soldiers nearby]]
The '''Litoranea Balbo''', or "Via Balbia", was a highway running the entire length of the coast in the colony of [[Italian Libya]].
==History==
The Litoranea (or Via) Balbia was created in 1937G. Pini, La rete stradale dell’Impero in “Africa Italiana”, dicembre 1939, n. 12. It was used to improve the economy and viability of the Italian colony of Libya. At the end it was useful for the AXIS attacks on [[Egypt]] in 1940.
The road was built from [[Tunisia]]'s border to [[Egypt]] 's border and was continued in 1940 by the [[Via della Vittoria]] inside western Egypt.
When was created was fully asphalted and with gas stations every 40 kms. Near the cities was enlarged to allow emergency stops. At the center of Litoranea Balbo (at the limit between [[Italian Cyrenaica|Cyrenaica]] and [[Italian Tripolitania|Tripolitania]]) there was the [[Marble Arch (Libya)|Arch of Fileni]], ordered by [[Mussolini]] as a symbol of his colonial expansions.
In the central section of the Litoranea Balbo was supposed to be built -bordering the road- the new railway connecting [[Tripoli]] and [[Benghazi]]. But only a few dozen kms were created of this railroad, because [[WWII]] stopped the construction.
==Notes==
==See also==
* [[Via della Vittoria]]
* [[Italian Libya]]
* [[Marble Arch (Libya)]]
{{Italian Libya}}
[[Category:Italian Libya]]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://archive.archaeology.org/1107/feat... REBUILDING BEIRUT (Roman walls evidences, etc...)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROMANS AND NUBIA
[[File:Amun Tempel Barkal SW.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Amu temple in [[Napata]] was destroyed by the Romans in 22 BC]]
'''Romans and Nubia''' was a relationship and interaction that lasted nearly seven centuries, from the first century BC to the sixth century AD.
==History==
Nubia is an historical region around the [[Nile]] river, just south of Egypt, that actually is called [[Sudan]]. Before Roman times there was in Nubia the [[Kingdom of Kush|Kingdom of Meroe]], that flourished together with the civilization of ancient Egypt.
[[Rome]]'s conquest of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] led to border skirmishes and incursions by [[Meroë]] beyond the [[Roman empire|Roman borders]]. In 23 BC the Roman governor of Egypt, [[Gaius Petronius|Publius Petronius]], to end the Meroitic raids, invaded Nubia in response to a Nubian attack on southern Egypt, pillaging the north of the region and sacking Napata (22 BC) before returning home. In retaliation, the Nubians crossed the lower border of Egypt and looted many statues (among other things) from the Egyptian towns near the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan. Roman forces later reclaimed many of the statues intact, and others were returned following the peace treaty signed in 22 BC between Rome and Meroe. One looted head though, from a statue of the emperor [[Augustus]], was buried under the steps of a temple.{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/b/bronze_head_of_augustus.aspx|title=Bronze head of Augustus|publisher=[[British Museum]]|year=1999|accessdate=2008-06-14}}
In "[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti|The Deeds of the Divine Augustus]]," Augustus claims that "a penetration was made as far as the town of Napata, which is next to Meroe..."Augustus, "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus," ''Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images'', Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2008), 119.
Meroe eventually settled down to a healthy trading relationship with Rome and the [[Mediterranean]]. However, the Kingdom of Meroe began to fade as a power by the 1st or 2nd century AD, sapped by the war with Roman Egypt, the decline of its traditional industries{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/3chapter4.shtml |title="Nubia", ''BBC World Service'' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-09-06}} and the increasingly destructive attacks from the [[Blemmyes]].
Indeed at the end of the 2nd century AD, the [[Nobatae]] occupied the Nile's west bank in northern Kush. They are believed to have been one of several well-armed bands of horse- and camel-borne warriors who sold their vagility to the Meroitic Population for protection; eventually they intermarried and established themselves among the Meroitic people as a military aristocracy. Until nearly the 5th century, Rome subsidized the Nobatae and used Meroe as a buffer between Egypt and the Blemmyes. Meanwhile, the old Meroitic kingdom contracted because of the expansion of the powerful [[Ethiopic]] [[Kingdom of Aksum]] to the east. By AD 350, King [[Ezana of Axum]] had captured and destroyed Meroe city, ending the kingdom's independent existence, and conquering its territory into modern-day northern Sudan.
==Rome's Client State?==
Nubia was never dominated by the Romans, but in [[Augustus]] times there was a possible "Client State" of Rome in northern Nubia.
Indeed [[Strabo]] describes a war with the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in the 1st century BC. After the initial victories of [[Kandake]] (or "Candace") [[Amanirenas]] against [[Roman Egypt]], the [[Kushites]] of northern [[Nubia]] were defeated and [[Napata]] sacked. http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/repr... Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", ''Journal of the Royal African Society'' (Lond). XXVIII: 55-67 (October, 1928)] Remarkably, the destruction of the capital of Napata was not a crippling blow to the Kushites and did not frighten Candace enough to prevent her from again engaging in combat with the Roman military. Indeed, it seems that [[Gaius Petronius|Petronius's]] attack might have had a revitalizing influence on the kingdom. Just three years later, in 22 BC, a large Kushite force moved northward with intention of attacking Qasr Ibrim. Alerted to the advance, Petronius again marched south and managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and bolster its defences before the invading Kushites arrived. Although the ancient sources give no description of the ensuing battle, we know that at some point the Kushites sent ambassadors to negotiate a peace settlement with Petronius and possibly accept a status like "Client State" of Rome. By the end of the second campaign after other years of fighting, however, Petronius was in no mood to deal further with the Kushites.{{r|jackson2002}}{{rp|149}} The Kushites succeeded in negotiating a peace treaty on favourable terms. and trade between the two nations increased.{{r|jackson2002}}{{rp|149}}
It is possible that the Roman emperor [[Nero]] planned another attempt to fully conquer Kush before his death in 68 AD.{{cite book | title=At Empire's Edge: Exploring Rome's Egyptian Frontier | publisher=Yale University Press | author=Jackson, Robert B. | year=2002 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pkBctdZcn84C&printsec=frontcover | isbn=0300088566}}{{rp|150-151}} Kush began to fade as a power by the 1st or 2nd century AD, sapped by the war with the Roman province of Egypt and the decline of its traditional industries. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specia... The Story of Africa| BBC World Service]
In Nubia Christianity began to gain over the old phaoronic religion since the first contacts with Roman Christians, and by the mid-sixth century AD the Kingdom of Kush/Meroe was dissolved substituted by the kingdoms of [[Makuria]], [[Nobadia]], and [[Alodia]].
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
* Edwards, David N. (2004). ''The Nubian Past''. London: Routledge. pp. 348 Pages. ISBN 0-415-36987-8.
*Leclant, Jean (2004). ''The empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe''. London: UNESCO. pp. 1912 Pages. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
==See also==
* [[History of Sudan]]
* [[Roman Egypt]]
* [[Gaius Petronius]]
{{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation & presence}}
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Nubia]]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
http://books.google.it/books?id=U7tUzTUY...
http://www.google.com/search?q=roman+coi... Jutland in Roman era
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ROMA EXPEDITIONS TO LAKE CHAD AND WESTERN BLACK AFRICA
[[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|250px|Map of the main areas explored]]
'''Roman expeditions to lake Chad and western black Africa''' were the first explorations done by [[Roman Empire|Romans]] into sub-saharan Africa.
==Characteristics==
These explorations were carried out in conjunction with the creation of the [[Roman limes]] in North Africa.
After the consolidation of Roman power in the [[Mediterranean]] Africa, between [[146 BC]] and [[42 BC]], a friction began with the warlike nomadic tribes of the [[Garamantes]], who lived in the current region of [[Fezzan]], a large area of the [[Sahara Desert]] associated with the current [[Libya]]. The Garamantes lived from [[trade]] and were intermediaries between the sub-Saharan region (present-day states of [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] , [[Benin]]) and the Greek Mediterranean possessions in [[Cyrenaica]] and [[Carthage]] (which was replaced by [[Rome]] at the end of [[Third Punic War]] as the main economic power in the region).
Since the duty tax that these nomads imposed on goods in transit was increasingly burdensome, Roman traders asked and obtained a sort of "punitive expedition" against the Garamantes. [[Garama]] was the capital of the kingdom of the Garamantes and corresponds to today's city of [[Ger]], known to both the Greeks and the Romans from the chronicles of the historians [[Herodotus]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Tacitus]]. The aim of this expedition done in 19 BC by consul Balbus was the Roman conquest of this city, the elimination of the fees payable to the nomads of the Sahara, as well as the possible conquest of the caravan routes by the Romans.
Another expedition was done some years later by [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]]: in [[41 AD]] he went to what is now southern [[Maroc]] (former [[Spanish Sahara]]) and [[Mauretania]]. Indeed he reached the northern area of the [[Senegal river]] and probably the western Niger river's affluents.
Furthermore lake Chad was reached by two roman expeditions: the one of Septimius Flaccus in [[50 AD]], followed a few years later by the one of Julius Maternus.
==History==
There were four Roman expeditions in western Africa and lake Chad, under the leadership of Balbus, Paullinus, Flaccus and Maternus:
* ''Balbus expedition''.
In [[19 BC]] [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger|Lucius Cornelius Balbus]] defeated the [[Garamantes]], and on March 27 in that year received the honor of a triumph, which was then for the first time granted to one who was not a Roman citizen by birth (and for the last time to a private individual, until the triumph of [[Belisarius]] in 534). He later built a [[Museo Nazionale Romano#Crypta Balbi|magnificent theatre]] at Rome, which was dedicated on the return of Augustus from [[Gaul]] in 13 BC{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911|loc=Balbus}} cites [[Dio Cassius]] liv. 25; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''Nat. Hist.'' xxxvi. 12. 60.
According to Plinius this expedition started with the conquest of [[Gadames]] and later of Rapsa, actual [[Ghat]]. After the conquest of [[Garama]] and surrounding area, Plinius wrote that the Roman legionaries went further south to the [[Tassili]] mountains: the [[Legio III Augusta]] of Cornelius Balbus reached the oasis of Bistra in southern [[Algeria]], and then reached Alasi ([[Abalessa]] in the [[Ahaggar]]) and Balsa (actual Ilezy), until some rivers then existing (but now disappeared) like the Dasibari river. According to the scholar [[Henri Lhote]], Balbus probably used the old "road of carts", an old caravan route on the east side of the Bahr Attla, the "Atlantis sea", named even in the [[Bible]]. Along this road there are some stone inscription showing the Garamantes charriots. The Romans then crossed the Tamanrasset area on the actual border between Algeria and [[Niger]], and reached the [[river Niger]] near actual [[Gao]] after crossing the caravan center of [[Tadmekka|Tabemekka]] (in [[Mali]]). Some roman coins have been recently discovered in the Mali northern region, confirming this expedition Roman objects are, indeed, found in the Sahara, and, significantly, along the western caravan route. Numerous Roman artifacts have been found at the Garamantes’ capital of Germa in the Fezzan. There is evidence of Roman style irrigation being introduced and for at least some Garamantes adopting a sedentary and a town, if not urban, lifestyle. Most striking is the large Roman-syle mausoleum found there, evidence either of Roman presence or of Romanization of the elite. Between Germa and Ghat in the Hoggar have been found Roman ceramics, glass, jewelry and coins dating from the 1st to the 4th centuries. Farther down the route, at the oasis of Abelessa, is the site known locally as the Palace of Tin Hinan. There is a charming local legend about it, but it seems to have been a fortress, in one room of which was found the skeletal remains of a woman, along with a number of Late Roman objects, including a lamp, a golden bracelet and a 4th century coin. Finally, there was a cache of Roman coins found recently at Timissao, only 600 kilometers from the Niger river.Jonathan Roth. San Jose State University.
* ''Paulinus expedition''.
In the year [[41 AD]] Suetonius Paulinus went to roman [[Mauretania]] as ''[[legatus legionis]]'' to suppress a revolt. He was the first Roman to cross the [[Atlas Mountains]], and [[Pliny the Elder]] quotes his description of the area in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''.
{{Quote|''In the year 41 AD Suetonius Paulinus, afterwards Consul, was the first of the Romans who led an army across Mount Atlas. At the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called Gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were Ethiopians, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal)''The journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 1-10. Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). page 7
}}
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus with his expedition south of the Atlas mountains was one of the first European explorers of [[Sahara]]n Africa. Indeed from the first century after Christ there are evidences (coins, fibulas) of Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart near Tichit in actual Mauritania.
*''Flaccus expedition''.
During Augustus times [[lake Chad]] was a huge lake and two Roman expeditions were done in order to reach it: [[Septimius Flaccus]] and [[Julius Maternus]] reached the "lake of ippopotamus" (as was called the lake Chad by [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolomeus]]). They moved from coastal [[Tripolitania]] and passed near the [[Tibesti]] mountains. Both did their expeditions trough the [[Garamantes]] territories, and were able to leave a small garrison on the "lake of ippopotamus and rhinoceros" after 3 months of travel in desert lands.
Ptolemy wrote that in [[50 AD]] Septimius Flaccus did his expedition in order to retaliate against nomad raiders who attacked [[Leptis Magna]], and reached [[Sebha]] and the territory of [[Aozou]]. http://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-... Septimius Flaccus] He then reached the rivers Bahr Ergig, [[Chari River|Chari]] and [[Logone River|Logone]] in the lake Chad area, described as the "land of Ethiopes" (or black men).
*''Maternus expedition''.
Ptolomeus even wrote that around [[90 AD]] Julius Maternus did a mainly commercial expedition. From the [[Sirte]] gulf he reached the Oasis of [[Cufra]] and the Oasis of Archei, then arrived to the river [[Bahr Salamat]] and [[Bahr Aouk]], near the actual [[Central African republic]]. He went back to Rome with a rhinoceros with two horns, that was showed in the Colosseum.
===Valerius Festus===
Some historians believe that there was even a fifth Roman expedition to sub-saharan west Africa: the one of Valerius Festus.
Indeed Plinius wrotePlinius the Elder. "Naturalis Historia", V, 5.36 that in [[70 AD]] a legatus of the [[Legio III Augusta]] named Festus repeated the Balbus expedition toward the Niger river. He went to the eastern [[Hoggar Mountains]] and the entered the [[Air Mountains]] until the [[Gadoufaoua]] plain (full of dinosaur fossils). Gadoufaoua (Touareg for “the place where camels fear to go”) is a site in the [[Tenere]] desert of [[Niger]] known for its extensive [[fossil]] graveyard, where remains of ''[[Sarcosuchus imperator]]'', popularly known as [[SuperCroc]], have been found. Festus finally arrived to the area were now there it is [[Timbouctou]]. But a few academics -like Fage- think that he only reached the [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]] region in southern Libya http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTNTz3P... Valerius Festus], near the border with southern [[Algeria]] and Niger (however it is possible that a few "explorers" of his legionaries reached the Niger river, like happened in the [[Roman exploration of the Nile river sources|Nile river exploration]] done under [[Nero emperor]]).
==Note==
==Bibliography==
* Coleman De Graft-Johnson, John. ''African glory: the story of vanished Negro civilizations''. Black Classic Press. New York, 1986 ISBN 0933121032
* Fage, J.D. ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Volume 2 (from 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050). Publisher Cambridge University Press, 1978. ISBN 0521215927
* Mattern, Susan. ''Rome and the enemy: imperial strategy in the principate''. University of California Press. San Francisco, 2002 ISBN 0520236831
* Miller, J. Innes. ''The Cinnamon Route in the Spice Trade of the Roman Empire''. University Press. Oxford, 1996 ISBN 0-19-814264-1
* Murphy, Trevor (2004). ''Pliny the Elder's Natural History: the Empire in the Encyclopedia''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199262888.
* Ramosino, Laura Cotta. ''Plinio il Vecchio e la tradizione storica di Roma nella Naturalis historia''. Edizioni del'Orso. Alessandria, 2004. ISBN 8876946950.
==See also==
* [[Roman empire]]
* [[Exploration of Africa]]
* [[Roman exploration of the Nile river sources]]
{{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation & presence}}
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Roman Empire]]
[[it:Spedizione romana verso il lago Ciad]]
====================================================
TINGIS
(IMAGE: Ruins of Tingis)
Tingis (current Tangier in Morocco) was an important Roman Colonia in Berber north-western Africa. Tingis gave the name to Mauretania Tingitana, a province of the Roman Empire of which Tingis was the capital.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Notes
3 Bibliography
4 See also
History[edit]
The commercial Phoenician city of Thingis (Τιγγίς in Ancient Greek), came under Roman rule in the course of the 2nd century BC (146 BC). Later Tingis grew in importance first as a free city under Augustus, and then as a colony under Claudius who made Tingis capital of Mauritania "Tingitana" of Hispania.
Indeed around 40 B.C. the city was a Roman Municipium [1] and later, according to Tacitus ([2]), under Caligula the former province of Mauretania was divided in Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana, with Tingis capital of the second. Because of this new administrastive role, Tingis in 42 AD [3] was elevated by emperor Claudius to the highest city-level with the name Colonia Claudia Caesarea Tingi [4]
Since then Tingis grew in importance and in the fourth century Tingis was the main Roman city of Mauretania Tingitana, bypassing Volubilis after that city remained south of the Roman limes and no more protected by the roman legions. The city in those years enjoyed huge development and importance, reaching 20,000 inhabitants (all fully romanized and mostly Christians).
Tingis was famous in the Roman empire because of the fishing conserve industry. Under Septimius Severus were built two roman roads from Tingis: one on the Atlantic coast until Sala Colonia and the second in the mountainous interior toward Volubilis.[5]
Icon of Saint Marcellus located in the Russian Orthodox Church of Rabat
The Christian history of Tingis started during the second half of the first century, under emperor Claudius rule. Originally, the city was part of the larger province of Mauretania Caesariensis, which included much of Northern Roman Africa. Later the area was subdivided, with the eastern part keeping the former name and the newer part receiving the name of Mauretania Tingitana. It is not known exactly at what period there may have been an episcopal see at Tangier in ancient times, but in the early Middle Ages Tangier was used as a titular see (i.e., an honorific fiction for the appointment of curial and auxiliary bishops), placing it in Mauretania Tingitana. For the historical reasons given above, one official list of the Roman Curia places the see in Mauretania Caesarea.
Towards the end of the third century, Tangier was the scene of the martyrdom of Saint Marcellus of Tangier,[6] mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 30 October, and of St. Cassian, mentioned on 3 December. Indeed according to tradition, the martyrdom of St Marcellus took place on 28 July 298 at Tingis (Tangier). During the Emperor Diocletian's reform of Roman governmental structures in 296 AD, Mauretania Tingitana became part of the Diocese of Hispaniae, with capital Tingis. Since then and for all the fourth century, Tingis enjoyed a huge commercial development.
In the fifth century AD, Vandals conquered and occupied Tingis around 425 AD and from there swept across Roman North Africa.
A century later (between 534 and 682 AD), Tingis fell back to the Eastern Roman empire, before coming under Arab (Umayyad) control in 702 AD. Under Byzantine rule, Tingis was fortified and inside these walls was built a Christian church, but the economy shrank as stated by reduced local emission of coins found.[7] Due to its Christian past, it is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.
In 706 AD Moussa Ibn Noussair started organizing the invasion of Spain from Tingis and nearby Septem. Since then Tingis, reduced to a small city, remained -with the new name of Tangier- under Moslem Arab control for centuries, even if a small Christian community survived until the tenth century.
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Cass. Dio XLVIII 45.3
2.Jump up ^ Ann. suppl. IX, 29
3.Jump up ^ Tangier histoire (in French)
4.Jump up ^ Ptol. IV, 1
5.Jump up ^ Mueden Rachid: "Las colonias y municipios de la Mauretania Tingitana" Section: Tingis
6.Jump up ^ Marcellus of Tingis
7.Jump up ^ Cravioto Enrique: Roman coins in northern Mauretania Tingitana ( [1] )
Bibliography[edit]
Abensur, Philip. Tanger, entre Orient et Occident, photos, cartes postales anciennes et documents d'archives Éditions Alan Sutton. Paris, 2009 ISBN 2849108855
Cravioto, Enrique. La circulación monetaria alto-imperial en el norte de la Mauretania Tingitana. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Cuenca, 2007
Ponsich, Michel. Recherches archéologiques à Tanger et dans sa région. Editions du C.N.R.S.. Paris, 1970
Rachid, Mueden. Las colonias y municipios de la Mauretania Tingitana (Tingis, Zilis, Lixus, Banasa, Thamusida, Sala, Volubilis) University of Sevilla. Sevilla, 2010( http://0-hera.ugr.es.adrastea.ugr.es/tes... )
See also[edit]
Portal icon Berbers portal
Portal icon Ancient Rome portal
Mauretania Tingitana
Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa
Christian Berbers
Septem
Lixus
Iulia Valentia Banasa
Iulia Constantia Zilil
Iulia Campestris Babba
Tamuda
Thamusida
Rusadir
Volubilis
Sala Colonia
Roman roads in Morocco
Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa
Related articles
Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum (Volubilis) ·
Romano Berber states (Caesarea) ·
Christian Berbers (Capsa) ·
Roman colonies in Berber Africa (Leptis Magna)
Categories: Roman towns and cities in Morocco
Mauretania Tingitana
Archaeological sites in Morocco
Berber history
Ancient Rome
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Giovanni Iacono: “Gela. Le operazioni dei Reparti italiani nella battaglia del 10-11 luglio 1.943”
(edito dall’autore, Ragusa 2008, formato A5, pp. 155, euro 13.)
http://www.lambadoria.it/stampa/libri%20...(sintesi%20Libreria%20Militare).pdf
GIOVANNI IACONO:
Dopo la Campagna di Sicilia, avvenuta nel luglio-agosto del 1943, si è largamente diffusa la tesi secondo
la quale l’Esercito aveva “tradito”. Tesi ripresa da quasi tutti gli autori italiani e stranieri, secondo i quali i
soldati italiani si erano arresi agli Alleati senza colpo ferire o quasi. La ricerca dell’autore, basata su
materiale dell’Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore Esercito, nonché su testimonianze di
civili del luogo, mira a confutare tale tesi, in quanto nel settore specificatamente trattato nell’opera le
diserzioni furono una parte insignificante.
Tra l’11 e il 13 maggio le truppe alleate sferrarono l’offensiva finale in Tunisia, che portò alla resa della
5^ armata corazzata tedesca del Gen. von Arnim e della 1^ armata italiana del Gen. Messe. Subito dopo
iniziarono i preparativi per procedere all’invasione della Sicilia (Operazione “Husky”). La stesura
definitiva del piano d’invasione prevedeva che i settori di sbarco dell’VIII armata britannica e della VII
armata americana si sviluppassero quasi senza soluzione di continuità sulla cuspide meridionale
dell’isola, su un fronte quasi continuo di circa 170 chilometri; la data e l’ora per lo sbarco venne fissata
per il 10 luglio alle ore 02.45.
L’intera operazione fu preceduta da un’intensa attività di intelligence, che si avvalse anche del supporto
di noti personaggi mafiosi italo-americani, sfruttando i contatti che il Naval Intelligence americano aveva
intrapreso con Lucky Luciano già nel 1942 per far fronte ai continui sabotaggi che avvenivano sulla costa
occidentale degli Stati Uniti. Infatti, fin dai primi mesi del 1943 furono infiltrati in Sicilia degli agenti,
che si aggiravano soprattutto nei pressi delle località costiere che sarebbero state interessate dagli sbarchi,
allo scopo di raccogliere quante più informazioni possibili (numerose sono le testimonianze di abitanti
della città di Gela, che vennero a contatto con costoro). Non a caso, infatti, parecchi boss della mafia
vennero nominati sindaci dal Col. Charles Poletti, capo dell’AMGOT in Sicilia (uno dei casi più eclatanti
fu quello di don Calogero Vizzini, capo assoluto della mafia in Sicilia, che per i servigi prestati fu
nominato colonnello onorario dell’esercito degli Stati Uniti, nonché sindaco di Villalba).
Gli Alleati iniziarono le operazioni per l’invasione della Sicilia con un nutrito lancio di truppe
paracadutiste dietro le linee costiere.
Nella notte tra il 9 e 10 luglio 1943 gli Alleati attuarono il più grande sbarco anfibio mai tentato fino ad
allora, impiegando nel solo settore di costa compreso tra la città di Gela e Scoglitti (Sicilia sud-orientale),
580 navi da guerra e da sbarco, oltre a 1124 mezzi anfibi, che sbarcarono due intere Divisioni (la 1^ a
Gela e la 45^ a Scoglitti, per un totale di circa 40.000 uomini suddivisi in circa 27 battaglioni).
L’urto iniziale fu sostenuto da 5 battaglioni delle unità costiere (XVIII Brigata costiera), che opposero
una strenua resistenza, ma prima dell’alba furono ridotti al silenzio dal fuoco delle artiglierie navali.
La reazione dei Comandi italiani fu immediata. Già alle 05.00 del 10 luglio il Gruppo mobile “E”, di
stanza a Niscemi, mosse al contrattacco; riuscì a penetrare fin dentro l’abitato di Gela, ma a causa del
fuoco delle artiglierie navali, avendo subito ingenti perdite e non potendo proseguire l’attacco, alle 11.00
il gruppo mobile ripiegò verso l’aeroporto di Ponte Olivo.
Vista l’inefficacia di questi contrattacchi il Gen. Guzzoni ordinò che l’intera Div. Goering e la Div.
Livorno conducessero un attacco coordinato l’indomani mattina alle ore 06.00 contro la testa di sbarco di
Gela. La Div. Livorno doveva muovere ad ovest della SS 117, mentre la Div. Goering con i suoi 82
panzer del modello III e IV e 17 carri Tigre ad Est della predetta strada (vedi Tavola n. 10-11).
Il contrattacco pianificato per il giorno 11 luglio, venne condotto nel seguente modo:
1. Divisione Livorno:
- la colonna d’attacco di sinistra arrivò in posizione solamente all’alba. L’inizio dell’attacco era
previsto per le ore 06.00, preceduto da dieci minuti di preparazione di artiglieria e da un
contemporaneo attacco aereo. Alle 11.00 circa gli americani ripiegarono dentro Gela, e il III/34°,
appena si fu riordinato si spinse ancora in avanti, fino all’ingresso dell’abitato (vedi Tavola n.12).
- La colonna d’attacco di destra iniziò l’attacco in direzione di Gela alle 07.30. Alle 10.30 circa il
reparto esploratori aveva raggiunto il passaggio a livello della rotabile Butera – Gela, mentre le
Compagnie avanzate erano all’altezza del km 28 della stessa rotabile. Nel primo pomeriggio la
colonna subì un violento contrattacco da parte dei rangers americani, che accerchiarono i reparti
avanzati. I due battaglioni furono quindi bersagliati nuovamente dall’artiglieria e da attacchi aerei;
cercarono disperatamente di rompere l’accerchiamento, resistendo fino alle 15.30 circa (vedi
Tavola n. 13).
2. Divisione Goering:
- Alle 06.00 la colonna di sinistra, iniziava l’attacco raggiungendo facilmente la foce del Dirillo e
da lì Senia Ferrata, seguendo la linea ferroviaria costiera che da Vittoria portava a Gela.
- La colonna di destra partì da Ponte Olivo solo alle 07.45, in quanto il Battaglione carri era arrivato
in posizione solo a quell’ora, a causa dei problemi riscontrati nell’attraversamento delle strette
stradine dell’abitato di Niscemi.
- Alle 08.00 partì la colonna centrale, che superata la resistenza opposta dalle truppe alleate a Case
Priolo si diresse su Case Spinasanta, per poi ricongiungersi con la colonna di destra nella piana del
Signore, arrivando a circa 1000 metri dalla spiaggia.
Alle 11.00 la Divisione Goering aveva superato a sinistra Senia Ferrata, al centro Case Spinasanta e a
destra Case Aliotta; i carri armati sembravano inarrestabili (vedi Tavola n. 11). Tra le fila nemiche si
vissero attimi di disperazione; molti ormai pensavano che la testa di sbarco fosse perduta. Fu proprio a
quell’ora, alle 11.00 circa, che il comando della VI Armata intercettò un messaggio in chiaro, attribuito al
gen. Patton, in cui si diceva di sotterrare i materiali sulle spiagge e prepararsi al reimbarco.
Tuttavia proprio quando la situazione sembrava ormai volgere totalmente a favore delle truppe dell’Asse,
ecco che fecero la loro comparsa aerei tattici americani che attaccarono le immediate retrovie italotedesche.
Contemporaneamente una colonna corazzata con 250 paracadutisti comandati dal col. Gavin,
provenienti dal settore di Scoglitti, attaccò sul fianco ed alle spalle la colonna di sinistra della Goering.
Alle 14.00 le colonne di destra e centrale, dopo essere state decimate dal fuoco delle artiglierie navali, e
sotto la crescente minaccia dei reparti provenienti da Scoglitti e dai mezzi corazzati che gli americani
erano riusciti a far sbarcare su Gela, iniziarono il ripiegamento sulle basi di partenza.
A fine giornata le perdite delle forze italo-tedesche furono notevoli. La Div. Livorno aveva perso la sua
capacità offensiva a causa delle ingenti perdite subite, infatti in totale tra morti, feriti, prigionieri e
dispersi aveva perso 214 ufficiali e 7000 tra sottufficiali e truppa su un totale di 11.400 uomini.
La Divisione Goering aveva perso 30 ufficiali e 600 tra sottufficiali e truppa su un totale di 8739, mentre
dei 99 carri impiegati ne furono messi fuori combattimento 43.
Durante queste tragiche giornate gli uomini della 45^ Div. americana si macchiarono di crimini di guerra.
Tra le prime vittime vi fu il podestà di Biscari, Giuseppe Mangano ed alcuni civili.
Questi con la moglie, il figlio quattordicenne ed il fratello (ufficiale medico del Regio Esercito) stava
lasciando il paese a bordo della propria auto, per recarsi a Vittoria seguendo la SS 115. Arrivati all’altezza
del casello ferroviario sulla Gela-Vittoria vengono fermati da una pattuglia americana. Il podestà chiede
che vengano rispettate le norme internazionali riguardanti l’esodo delle popolazioni civili dalle zone di
guerra, ma venne malmenato assieme agli altri che facevano parte del gruppetto. Gli americani allora,
notando che indossava la camicia nera, spianarono le armi, fecero avanzare gli uomini lungo una stradina
di campagna e li fucilarono. Il figlio quattordicenne del podestà dopo aver visto fucilare il padre, afferrato
un sasso si scagliò contro i soldati americani, ma venne ferito a morte con un colpo di baionetta alla
guancia sinistra. Le vittime di questo atto inaudito furono dodici. Il corpo del fratello del podestà non
venne mai ritrovato.
Nella giornata dell’11 luglio, dopo aspri combattimenti, gli americani conquistarono l’aeroporto.
Proprio quel giorno accadde uno dei più gravi misfatti commessi dagli uomini della 45^ Divisione
americana, rimasto fino all’anno scorso sconosciuto all’opinione pubblica. La vicenda è raccontata da un
testimone oculare, il giornalista Alexander Clifford. Clifford era al seguito delle truppe della 45°
Divisione, quando, durante le fasi della battaglia per la conquista dell’aeroporto di Comiso, vide che 60
prigionieri italiani appena catturati, vennero fatti scendere da un camion e uccisi con una mitragliatrice.
Dopo pochi minuti la stessa scena si ripeteva con 50 prigionieri tedeschi.
Nella notte tra l’11 e il 12 luglio intanto la Divisione Livorno assumeva lo schieramento a ridosso delle
alture che dominano la piana di Gela.
Alle 07.30 del 12 luglio, gli americani, dopo aver occupato facilmente l’aeroporto di Ponte Olivo, si
dirigevano verso Niscemi.
Intanto il Gen. Guzzoni, considerando l’eccessivo logorio delle truppe e la sproporzione delle forze
riconobbe che sarebbe stato impossibile effettuare ulteriori azioni offensive, per cui dispose per un nuovo
schieramento per fronteggiare le minacce provenienti da sud, con la Div. Goering al centro
sull’allineamento Caltagirone – Grammichele – Vizzini, e la Livorno a destra tra Mazzarino e S. Michele
di Ganzeria.
Nel settore di Scoglitti e Ragusa, gli americani continuavano l’avanzata, e rastrellavano i reparti italiani
rimasti isolati; tra questi, alle 11.00 si arrendeva l’ultimo presidio del 123° Reggimento costiero a Scicli.
All’incirca alla stessa ora la 1^ Divisione di fanteria canadese, dopo aver sopraffatto l’ultima resistenza
dei reparti della 206^ Divisione costiera, aveva occupato Modica e catturato il comando della Divisione.
Alle 14.00, visto che gli americani avevano occupato le località di Niscemi, Biscari e Chiaramonte Gulfi,
il XVI C.A. ordinò alla Goering di mantenere le posizioni stabilite il giorno prima, mentre dispose
affinché la Divisione Livorno arretrasse il suo schieramento e, facendo perno sulle posizioni di bivio
Gigliotto e S. Michele di Ganzeria, occupasse le posizioni di P. Armerina, Varco Ramata e Bellia, in
modo da spostare la sua fronte verso ovest per proteggere il fianco destro del C. A..
In serata i vari reparti iniziavano il ripiegamento, sennonché i reparti schierati a Butera, verso le 23.00
mentre iniziavano il movimento, furono oggetto di bombardamento aereo e navale. Contemporaneamente
numerose pattuglie nemiche giungevano fin sotto le posizioni tenute dagli uomini della Livorno. In questi
frangenti si palesò nuovamente la ferocia di alcuni soldati americani nei confronti di prigionieri di guerra
dell’Asse; infatti diverse sono le testimonianze di fucilazioni sommarie di soldati italiani che si erano
arresi, probabilmente perché scambiati per soldati tedeschi, in quanto gli uomini della Livorno vestivano
l’uniforme da deserto come quest’ultimi.
In serata la divisione Goering cominciava ad occupare le posizioni sull’allineamento Vizzini,
Grammichele e Caltagirone.
Il gruppo mobile “H” durante tutta la giornata del 13 venne sottoposto anch’esso al fuoco dell’artiglieria
nemica. Verso le 22.00 riceveva dal Gen. Mariscalco l’ordine di ripiegare, insieme con i reparti della
difesa fissa, su Caltagirone. Alle 23.00, sotto un intenso bombardamento d’artiglieria, il gruppo mobile
iniziava il movimento, lasciando la compagnia fucilieri e la compagnia mitraglieri della difesa fissa come
retroguardia.
Già dalla mattina del 13 le avanguardie del 180° Gruppo Tattico Reggimentale americano erano arrivate
nella zona di Piano Stella (a pochi chilometri dall’aeroporto di Biscari) e rastrellavano l’area per
bonificarla da eventuali presenze di soldati dell’Asse. Qui vennero fucilati diversi civili, come raccontato
dal signor Giuseppe Ciriacono, all’epoca ancora tredicenne, unico testimone oculare.
L’indomani, 14 luglio, il 180° Gruppo Tattico Reggimentale americano, dopo aspri combattimenti,
riusciva a conquistare l’aeroporto di Biscari. Furono catturati diversi prigionieri. Al Serg. West fu
consegnato un gruppo di 37 prigionieri, col compito di scortarli nelle retrovie. Fatti togliere ai prigionieri
le camicie e le scarpe, per impedire che scappassero, furono fatti incamminare lungo la strada per Biscari.
Poco dopo, furono fucilati. Poche ore dopo l’assassinio dei 37 prigionieri da parte del Serg. West, il Cap.
Compton ordinò l’esecuzione di altri 36 prigionieri di guerra italiani.
Anche i soldati tedeschi, allora alleati, si macchiarono in quei giorni di crimini di guerra.
Il primo di questi crimini fu perpetrato il 12 luglio nella cittadina di Canicattì. Nel primo pomeriggio, le
forze americane provenienti da Licata si trovavano sulle alture attorno al paese, e pressavano le truppe
tedesche che ivi si erano arroccate. I tedeschi iniziavano quindi le operazioni di ripiegamento; durante
questa fase, alcuni soldati tedeschi, passando vicino all’ingresso di un rifugio antiaereo, videro un gruppo
di persone che esultavano per l’imminente arrivo delle truppe americane. Aprirono il fuoco per punire
quelle persone, uccidendone sei, tra cui due giovani di 18 e 19 anni.
Il 15 luglio due militari del 76° Reggimento fanteria Napoli, mentre ripiegavano su Palagonia, sentirono
nei pressi di Scordia una raffica provenire da un’abitazione. Si avvicinarono, e videro tre soldati tedeschi
che stavano gettando in un pozzo i corpi di due donne. Indignati intervennero, e prima che i tedeschi
potessero reagire, li uccisero. Nella casa trovarono un uomo che disse loro che quei tedeschi erano da
cinque giorni a casa sua, durante i quali, avevano approfittato della moglie e della figlia.
Il Gen. Guzzoni, per rinforzare lo schieramento sulla piana di Catania ordinò, nella notte tra il 14 ed il 15,
che le Divisioni Livorno, Goering e perfino la Sizilien, che nel frattempo era giunta nella zona di
Caltanissetta, si portassero sul margine occidentale della piana.
Durante la notte sul 16 venivano completati i movimenti retrogradi delle due Divisioni.
I rumori della battaglia si erano allontanati definitivamente da Gela, in quanto il fronte si era spostato in
avanti. Gli eserciti alleati, a causa anche della manovra di ripiegamento per linee successive attuata dal
Gen. Guzzoni, impiegarono altri 31 giorni per la conquista dell’isola (vedi Tavole n. 23 e 24 ).
Infatti, solamente la sera del 16 agosto 1943 fu occupata l’ultima linea di ripiegamento sull’allineamento
Divieto – M. Antennamare – Moleti. Durante la notte furono traghettati gli ultimi reparti tedeschi e i
reparti costieri presenti ancora sull’isola (operazione LEHRGANG). Tale operazione si dimostrò un vero
successo, al pari di quello conseguito dagli inglesi a Dunkerque, in quanto nonostante il nemico avesse il
pieno dominio del cielo e del mare, i tedeschi, riuscirono a far passare in Calabria 39.569 militari,
compresi 4.444 feriti, 9605 autoveicoli, 47 carri armati, 94 pezzi di artiglieria, 1.100 tonnellate di
munizioni, 970 tonnellate di carburanti e 15.700 tonnellate di altro materiale.
All’alba del 17 agosto le avanguardie della 3^ Divisione americana entravano a Messina. Qualche ora
dopo fecero il loro ingresso nella città le avanguardie inglesi.
Dopo 38 giorni di combattimenti la situazione delle truppe di entrambe le parti risultava quindi essere la
seguente: gli italiani lamentavano 4.678 morti, 116.681 prigionieri e 36.072 dispersi (tra questi sono da
considerare sia i disertori, sia un numero imprecisato di morti inumati in fosse comuni sui campi di
battaglia). I tedeschi invece lamentavano 4.325 morti, 5.523 prigionieri e 4583 dispersi.
In campo alleato gli americani ebbero 2.811 morti, 6.470 feriti, 598 prigionieri e 88 dispersi, mentre gli
inglesi ebbero 2.721 morti, 7.939 feriti e 2.644 tra prigionieri e dispersi.
Alla luce di quanto detto finora, è doveroso trarre delle conclusioni. Il comportamento dei reparti italiani
durante questa campagna, è stato molto discusso. Molti autori, sia italiani che stranieri, tenendo conto del
fatto che le truppe dell’asse in Sicilia erano in egual numero se non superiori rispetto a quelle alleate,
affermarono che fu solo grazie al comportamento poco decoroso e incompetente dei soldati italiani e
soprattutto dei loro comandanti, che gli alleati riuscirono a conquistare la Sicilia in “appena” 38 giorni.
Questi autori però si limitarono ad un’analisi molto superficiale della situazione delle forze in campo in
Sicilia. Infatti, considerando solo il settore interessato dallo sbarco vero e proprio (da Licata a Siracusa),
qui si trovavano circa 97.000 uomini, compresi anche i reparti costieri, mentre gli alleati nei primi giorni
dello sbarco ne impiegarono 160.000, ed avevano il dominio assoluto dell’aria e del mare.
Quindi, avendo una simile superiorità in uomini, mezzi e materiali, il dominio assoluto dell’aria e del
mare, ci si dovrebbe invece meravigliare che abbiano impiegato 38 giorni a conquistare la Sicilia.
Non dobbiamo infatti dimenticare che, come ci ricorda il Faldella nella sua opera, la Polonia era stata
conquistata dai tedeschi in soli 29 giorni, e la Francia che disponeva di tutte le sue forze armate al
completo, oltre all’appoggio di numerosi reparti forniti dagli inglesi, in soli 40 giorni.
Per quanto riguarda nello specifico la situazione della campagna di Sicilia, è vero che il fenomeno delle
diserzioni fu più cospicuo rispetto al lecito e che numerosi soldati (soprattutto siciliani) si arresero senza
combattere, per fare rientro presso i loro paesi, preoccupati della sorte delle loro famiglie. Ma per fare un
esame più obiettivo possibile, dobbiamo cercare di comprendere il perché di questo comportamento, e per
far ciò dobbiamo calarci nei panni di quei soldati e considerare dal loro punto di vista la situazione che si
trovarono ad affrontare.
I soldati delle Div. costiere, in gruppi di 30-35 dovevano controllare uno o due di chilometri di costa, e si
trovarono a dover fronteggiare un dispiegamento di forze enormemente più grande di loro (per esempio la
1^ div. canadese, forte di 16.000 uomini sbarcò su un settore di spiaggia di soli 8 chilometri), che avevano
il dominio incontrastato dell’aria e del mare, con armi inadeguate, per cui venne meno in loro quella
saldezza morale necessaria in queste occasioni (non tutti la possediamo, e credo che in una situazione
simile molti avrebbero vacillato, ma questo fa parte della componente umana).
Per quanto riguarda specificatamente il settore di cui abbiamo trattato, furono una parte insignificante,
rispetto alle forze presenti nella zona, coloro che si arresero senza combattere, ma al contrario, furono
invece numerosi gli atti di eroismo compiuti dagli uomini dei reparti costieri e mobili in quei frangenti,
che, nonostante avessero la netta sensazione di aver perso ancora prima di iniziare a combattere scelsero
comunque di compiere fino in fondo il loro dovere di soldati, fino ad arrivare a sacrificare la propria vita
per difendere quell’estremo lembo della propria Patria che era la Sicilia, “siciliani compresi”.
Il comportamento dei soldati americani, come abbiamo avuto modo di vedere, non fu sempre improntato
all’umanità e al rispetto delle leggi di guerra, come siamo sempre stati abituati a pensare. Certo, prima
c’era la guerra fredda, per cui determinati episodi era opportuno non divulgarli, per non incrinare i
rapporti interni alla Nato, ma adesso che sono di dominio pubblico, a livello mondiale (anche in Italia da
qualche anno a questa parte), sarebbe il caso di rivedere un po’ la storiografia ufficiale, anche perché
quelli commessi in Sicilia da alcuni soldati americani, furono dei veri e propri crimini di guerra, e come
tali andavano tutti perseguiti.
Per quanto attiene i rapporti con i soldati tedeschi, da fonti ufficiali, risulta che questi avevano avuto fin
da subito dei problemi con la popolazione siciliana. Fieri per natura i siciliani non vedevano di buon
occhio i tedeschi, che si comportavano come se fossero i padroni di tutto (non furono infrequenti i casi di
furti, rapine od omicidi commessi da soldati tedeschi prima e dopo lo sbarco alleato). Una cosa che mi ha
lasciato particolarmente sorpreso, durante la trattazione di questo lavoro è stata quella di venire a
conoscenza di stragi commesse dai tedeschi in Sicilia addirittura prima dell’8 settembre, quando l’Italia
era ancora un paese alleato della Germania a tutti gli effetti. In Italia si è data da sempre ampia risonanza
a livello nazionale solamente alle stragi di civili commesse dai tedeschi dopo l’8 settembre.
Ricordare questi eventi e tramandarli alle generazioni future, é un dovere morale per onorare la memoria
di quei soldati, spesso dimenticati, che sacrificarono la propria vita per mantenere fede al giuramento
prestato, difendere la Patria. .
===========================================
http://www.citta-nostra.it/jugoslavia.pd... ( Maria Pasquinelli)
=======================================
http://books.google.fr/books?id=4DZf-RBt...
Storia dei Normanni in Africa
==================================
VARI:
A) http://books.google.com/books?id=dEeprIp... Italiani in Centroamerica)
B) http://www.archive.org/stream/lemigrazio... Emigrazione italiana prima del 1915)
===============================================================
Chi era Tito?
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/10/21/esteri...
==========================================
Jackson ( http://www.archive.org/stream/dalmatiaqu... ) : Dalmatian maritime neolatin cities (Citta marittime di Dalmazia). The old Latin, or Roman, population, however Recovery
sadly it was crushed and weakened by this irrup- Roman
tion, did not disappear, nor did it lose its identity paUtiea.
and become merged in the ranks of the conquerors.
When the first shock was over, the
Romans either returned to their old towns or
founded new ones, where they managed to live
in a state between independence and vassalage
till they became strong enough in time to take
care of themselves. Zara soon rose again from
its ruin, the fugitives from Epidaurus settled on
an isolated rock not far from their ancient home
and founded the city of Ragusa, and the unhappy
Salonitans, not daring to return as yet to the
ruins of their old capital, crept back to the mainland
in reduced numbers, and found a refuge
within the impregnable walls of the deserted
villa of Diocletian, which has grown into the
modem Spalato. The fate of Trail on the mainland
and of the island towns of Arbe Veglia
and Ossero in the Quarnero during this general
catastrophe is obscure, but we find them in the
tenth century still peopled by Roman citizens and
==Italian 1st Somalian Division==
Italian 1st Somalian Division
1st Somalian Division
Active 1940–1941
Country Italy
Branch Italian Army
Type Infantry
Size Division
Nickname 101 Divisione Somala
Engagements World War II
1st Somalian Division , called even "101 Divisione Somala", was a Somalian colonial division of the Italian Regio Esercito during WWII.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Notes
3 Bibliography
4 See also
History[edit]After June 1940, when the Kingdom of Italy declared war to the Allies, in the Italian Somalia was created the "101 Divisione Somala" with Somalian soldiers. Initially were enrolled a few soldiers of some colonial Brigades[1] that had fought even in the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936. But soon -in order to reach the amount of soldiers required for a standard Italian division[2]- were recruited new colonial soldiers who were trained by Italian NCO, even during the construction of a small new "decauville" railway between Villabruzzi and the Ethiopian frontier.
At the end of 1940 the "1st Somalian Division" -commanded by general Carnevali- was sent to defend the Juba river in western Somalia, because the Italians were waiting a British attack from Kenya.
The 101st Colonial Division under Brigadier-General Italo Carnevali held the much longer Dugiuma-Dolo sector, and the bulk of his infantry (the 73rd, 74th and 76th Colonial Battalions) was initially concentrated round Bardera, with the 191st Colonial Battalion near Lugh Ferrandi and the 192nd in the Dolo area.Neil Orphen
In the first days of February 1941 the British attacked the Juba front and after heavy fighting the 101 Divisione Somala was half destroyed: General De Simone -commander in chief of all Italian Somalia- ordered the division's retreat toward Ethiopia. General Baccari substituted general Carnevali, who was sick and wounded in combat.
The 101st Colonial Division, originally ordered to fall back on Callafo, south of Gabredarre, had been given fresh radio instructions by the "Comando Superiore", rerouting their columns to Neghelli. The rest of General de Simone's forces were ordered to fall back on Harar. General Baccari's command, with bombing demoralizing the Native troops, was in a state of dissolution. By the time they reached Dolo, 101st Colonial Divisional Headquarters, with three batteries of 77 mm guns and three of 65 mm, had lost all their Native personnel.Neil Orphen
While in southern Ethiopia, the Division was dismantled on March 7 when the few surviving brigades reached Harar.
Notes[edit]Jump up ^ Italian Colonial Brigades in 1940 A.O.I.
Jump up ^ An Italian Division during WWII had 7000 soldiers
Bibliography[edit]Neil Orphen. East African and Abyssinian Campaigns. South African Army. Johannesburg, 1970
See also[edit]Italian Somalia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_1st_Somalian_Division&oldid=578781285"
Categories: Divisions of Italy in World War II
=====================================
http://www.vlahoi.gr/vlahs.asp I vlachs di Veria Ottimo (per mese giugno 2015 di il mio weblog aromuno)
http://iamaromanian.tomaenache.ro/#poste... Primo film su aromuni
=========================================
( http://www.fga.it/uploads/media/Gli_ital... Gli italiani nel Peru )
======================================
http://www.macedoniantruth.org/forum/sho... Excerpts about Vlachs in the Balkans, Serbia/Macedonia
https://archive.org/stream/antiquarianre... testo da poter copiare
( testo completo: http://archive.org/stream/antiquarianres... ;ed immagine completa con sezioni III e IV: https://archive.org/stream/antiquarianre... )
=============================
http://www.latinitas.altervista.org/doc/... dal latino al neolatino
==============================
http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads/Bouchier... Roman Province of Syria
===============================
http://romandanes.blogspot.com/2006/08/d...
Roman Denmark/Jutland
========================================
http://www.afroditacionchin.ro/Immagini/... Istrorumeni xIl mio weblog aromuno di marzo2014
===========================================
http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Scritto in sloveno con mappe sui vlachs intorno a Trieste
=========================================
http://www.annapizzuti.it/public/nellaju... Ebrei nel Governatorato di Dalmazia (vi si trova una mia mappa!!!)
=====================================================
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.p... Shanghai international settlements in red, italian sector #4 on map
============================================
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/pre... Scritto accademico sui Romano-berberi regni, con mappa
===========================================
http://www.tarifit.info/pdfbooks/thishol... Storia del cristianesimo in nord africa (ottimo sui Berberi)
==========================================
http://www.archivodelafrontera.com/autho... Articoli in spagnolo su alcune citta della Numidia romana
==============================================
http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A16c6f... Oxford academic history-study on roman bizantine africa
===============================================
http://www.lastampa.it/2014/04/30/econom... Mappa sui comuni italiani REDDITO2013
=====================================================
Vari dallo spagnolo su Africa romana:
1) http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&...
KMcmCqgbq04KwBA&usg=AFQjCNHyV-ukmCWiA6-oFJQgVS4xCVWiFQ Provincias africanas (ciudades)
2) http://books.google.es/books?id=aVumkcrI... Veteranos en Africa romana
3) http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Africa romana
4 http://www.academia.edu/1106135/Africa._...
5) http://arthurkevinmackinly.blogspot.com/... El Africa bizantina (interessante la sezione finale, sui neolatini sopravvissuti fino al Rinascimento)
6) http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2... Open access Journal Africa romana (molti ottimi articoli di "scholars")
=============================================================
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Ro... Testo in inglese sule fortificazioni byzantine nella loro Africa, tra Capsa e Cesarea.
=================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=pIkmvKB... Cristiani di Gefara in Tripolitania (in italiano, scritto di Boccassini? su cimitero di En Gila vicino Oea-Tripoli)
===========================================================================
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nj... "Colonie romane", di Ettore De Ruggiero (scrittore del Dizionario epigrafico di antichita' romane)
===========================================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=3gQbIhDj... Africa proconsolare e "Fossa Regia", con riferimenti a Leptis Magna
===========================================================================
http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Leptis Magna: la ciudad del emperador Septimius MAPS & Photos
===========================================================================
https://www.yumpu.com/et/document/view/6... ghirza (GERISA)
===========================================================================
http://edl.revues.org/113?lang=en Anfiteatro di Zilil in Mauretania tingitana
============================================================================
http://www.casademelilla.es/index.php?op... Storia di Melilla -Rusadir
=========================================================================
http://www.academia.edu/1476824/Military... Thamusida: tecniche di costruzione del forte romano
==========================================================================
http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Monetazione romana in Mauretania Tingitana
======================================================================
http://www.bible-history.com/maps/romane... Ottimo articolo sulla Mauretania Tingitana e Cesarea (lista nomi roman coloniae)
=====================================================================
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10... Leo Africanus: Anfa (Casablanca) romana
=========================================================================
0-hera.ugr.es.adrastea.ugr.es/tesisugr/19709298.pdf Mueden Rachid: las colonias y municipios de la Mauretania Tingitana (Tingis, Zilis, Lixus, Banasa, Thamusida, Sala, Volubilis)
==========================================================================
Marcos%20Perez,%20Alvaro%20-%20septem_bizantina... historia de Ceuta (ottimo)
===========================================================================
http://arthurkevinmackinly.blogspot.com/... El Africa bizantina (una dozzina di capitoli)
============================================================
https://archive.org/stream/extinctionofc... last christian churches extinction in Africa (in English:GOOD!)
======================================================================
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... Decline of north Africa since Rome's fall
======================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTNTz3P... Cambridge enc.Africa (transaharan travels + Altava information)
======================================================================
http://eprints.uniss.it/5861/1/Ruiu_M_Co... Altava history (in italiano)
======================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=rfDpA2c... Staying roman (in roman Africa)
=====================================================================
http://www.instoria.it/home/province_rom... OTTIMO! Provincia Mauretania (da rivista Historia in italiano)
=====================================================================
etheses.dur.ac.uk/9282/1/9282_6213-vol1.PDF?UkUDh:CyT Mauretania Cesariensis (OTTIMA TESI IN INGLESE)
( http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... )
===========================================================================
( http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... ) L'Africa dei Severi: O T T I M O !!!! (in italiano)
==========================================================================
http://jahiliyyah.wordpress.com/cartes-g... Jahiliyyah (ignoranza) Ottime Mappe. Storie dell'Africa romana esposte dal punto di vista di un algerino
==========================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=hQLfCZi... Libro di Henri Lhote che spiega come Abalessa nell'Ahaggar algerino secondo lui era fortificazione romana
http://www.planetabenitez.com/IOI/histor... Tin Hinan foto
===========================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=mTQOBYX... informazione su Cydamus (Gadames) e dintorni in Libia (in francese)
===========================================================================
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1... Libro su rotte transahariane in epoca romana (OTTIMO)
===========================================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=HnxyAgAA... Vespasiano (moglie Flavia Domitilla da Sabratha)
============================================================================
ARTICOLO SU CONQUISTA SOMALIA BRITANNICA: "Bollettino ufficiale di Guerra" # 78 dell' Agosto 1940
L'attacco ebbe inizio nel pomeriggio del giorno 11, preceduto ed accompagnato dall'azione dell'aviazione che, agli ordini del generale di brigata aerea Collalti, agiva con ondate successive di bombardieri sugli apprestamenti difensivi nemici e con incursioni di cacciatori mitraglianti sui campi dell'aviazione nemica. L'avversario sfruttando gli apprestamenti difensivi opponeva però tenace e valida resistenza con il fuoco, con il contrattacco, con bene organizzate azioni di artiglieria.
La nostra azione riprendeva il giorno 12 e continuava accanita nei giorni 13 e 14. Malgrado le difficoltà opposte dal clima e dal terreno manovrando sagacemente, concentrando gli sforzi alle ali, le nostre truppe valorose, con il valido appoggio dell'artiglieria e i ripetuti bombardamenti aerei, progredivano metodicamente travolgendo successivi e muniti ordini di difesa avversaria. Il giorno 15, previo violento bombardamento aereo seguito da precisa preparazione di artiglieria, la XV brigata alla nostra ala destra conquistava di slancio gli ultimi capisaldi nemici a cavallo della rotabile per Lafaruk: nel solo caposaldo n. 1 venivano fatti prigionieri 13 ufficiali ed altri militari inglesi e nel suo interno si contavano oltre 200 morti di un battaglione rhodesiano. Contemporaneamente, alla sinistra la II brigata, travolti gli ultimi centri di resistenza del nemico, ne avvolgeva l'ala destra. A notte gli inglesi ripiegavano lasciando sul terreno centinaia di morti e nelle nostre mani numerosi prigionieri ed ingente quantità di materiale, fra cui artiglierie. Dopo quattro giorni di lotta accanita il sistema difensivo inglese era così completamente travolto. Terza fase: dal 16 al 19 agosto. Superata in tal modo la principale posizione difensiva del nemico, le nostre truppe proseguivano nella loro avanzata: XV brigata su Lafaruk, fiancheggiata a sinistra dalla XIII e a destra dal gruppo delle bande Bertello, con il compito di avvolgere le difese da esse investite; in riserva le brigate LXX e XIV. L'aviazione continuava a conservare il predominio del cielo proteggendo le sottostanti colonne, bombardava e volgeva in fuga rinforzi nemici accorrenti, infliggendo loro sensibilissime perdite ed iniziava un sistematico bombardamento delle navi da carico e da guerra che il nemico faceva affluire nel porto di Berbera. Una nostra colonna autocarrata, costituita con elementi di volontari tratti da tutte le forze armate, da un battaglione di Camicie nere e da uno indigeno, agli ordini del luogotenente generale Passerone, partita da Zeila raggiungeva nel frattempo Bulhar, lungo la strada costiera che da Zeila conduce a Berbera. Il gruppo de Simone presto urtava presso Lafaruk con il secondo sistema difensivo anch'esso munitissimo di reticolati, trincee e caverne, sul quale avevano ripiegato le truppe sconfitte e dove erano affluiti gli ultimi rinforzi disponibili nel territorio della colonia. Il 18 agosto anche tale ultimo baluardo inglese, investito frontalmente ed avvolto alle ali, veniva sfondato. Battaglioni indiani con accaniti contrattacchi, cercavano invano di liberarsi della pressione dei nostri, per poi fuggire in direzione di Berbera. Il generale Nasi lanciava allora verso Berbera la colonna motorizzata già predisposta per lo sfruttamento del successo e costituita con unità della polizia A. I., mentre gli inglesi, in disordinata fuga, dopo l'inutile prodezza di incendiare la parte europea di Berbera, si sforzavano di mettersi in salvo sull'ultima nave da guerra rimasta in porto, ripetutamente bombardata dalla nostra aviazione. Il 19 le nostre truppe entravano in Berbera. Durante le operazioni abbiamo catturato alcune centinaia di automezzi e di armi automatiche, numerose artiglierie e carri armati, ingenti quantità di munizioni, di viveri e di materiale del genio e di sanità. Nelle nostre mani sono inoltre rimasti qualche centinaio di prigionieri delle truppe regolari e tutte le truppe somale, ammontanti a circa un migliaio di uomini. Tali truppe erano state impiegate per proteggere l'imbarco degli inglesi e abbandonate poi alloro destino
==================================================================
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/565 Kasbah di Algeri (UNESCO)
==================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=8N0_AAA... Confederazione di Cirta ( Chullu, ecc..)
=============================================================
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text... Perseus: confederazione Cirta..... Chullu...
{{The town of Cirta had become a Roman colony, probably as early as the time of Sittius. At the beginning of the 2d c. it was the capital of a curious administrative district, one of those anomalies common to the administrative history of Africa. It was the capital of the confederation of the IV colonies, the three others being Rusicade, Chullu, and Milev. Its magistrates and municipal assembly were those of the confederation. On the other hand, Cirta itself possessed castella distributed throughout the area of the High Plains and to the N of the region: Castellum Mastarense, Elephantum, Tidditanorum, Cletianis, Thibilis, Sigus, etc. After the dissolution of this confederation, Cirta recovered its role as a capital when it headed Numidia Cirtenses (created under Diocletian) and, later, all of Numidia. At that time it changed its name to Constantina in honor of the emperor who restored it to its splendor after a siege undertaken by the usurper Domitius Alexander.Constantine was an important center of the Christian community as early as the 3d c. It became the chief town of an ecclesiastical district and was an important city until the end of antiquity. Although many ancient cities disappeared during the Arab Middle Ages, Constantine survived.}} INSERIRE IN CIRTA/WIKI A FIANCO MAPPA
http://jahiliyyah.files.wordpress.com/20... Mappa del territorio (in verde) di Cirta confederazione
=============================================================
http://www.luc.edu/roman-emperors/wardoc... mappa dettagliata del fossatum africae (con Gemellae e Diaqna veteranorum ben indicate) .
=============================================================
http://cil.bbaw.de/afrika/cil-karte_neu.... Ottime mappe tedesche su Mauretania-Numidia-AfricaProconsularia
================================================================
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... Scholar essay on Cirta/Constantine and IV confederation (in French)
===================================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=1urqHVQ... Castellum Tidditanorum and Cirta
====================================================================
Perregaux -Mohammadia- CASTRA NOVA: (last evidence of existence in 484 AD)
Seules quelques ruines romaines, datant du 1° siècle après J.C., témoignaient d'une ère jadis florissante et réduite à néant par les invasions des Vandales, puis des Arabes. Ces ruines étaient les vestiges de l'ancienne ville "Castra Nova". Carrefour des routes venant d'Albulès (Aïn Témouchent ) et de Portus Magnus (Saint-Leu), elle occupait, au pied des monts du Tell et sur la rive droite de l'Oued el Hammam, une place stratégique.
Dalla voce Mohammadia della wiki francese:
après Ballene Præsidium, on trouvait à XX milles le centre de Castra Nova, qui est sans nul doute l’emplacement actuel de Perrégaux ou du moins le lieu situé à 2 kilomètres Est de cette ville où l’on peut voir les ruines d’un petit poste militaire, sans doute Castra Nova. On y remarque les substructions d’un mur d’enceinte, celles de quelques maisons et une grande citerne. Près de ces ruines se trouvait un cimetière romain, dans lequel on a trouvé les deux inscriptions chrétiennes (portant les numéros 47 et 48 du bulletin des antiquités africaines, t. I, p. 139 et 140) Vitalis, évêque de Castra Nova est inscrit le 76e sur la liste des évêques exilés en 484 par le roi Hunéric. Les Romains étaient ainsi maitres de la basse Mina et de la Macta. Une des branches de cette dernière, l’Oued-el-Hammam, s’appelait alors Sira, (c’est peut
Monographie de la commune d’El Matmar 2008
17
être ce qui a donné le nom de Sirat appliqué à une plaine fertile voisine, dans lequel les arabes ont voulu voir le mot Cirat qui chez eux signifie spécialement le sentier ou pont menant au Paradis. Le peuple arabe est d’ailleurs très porté à unifier deux analogies linguistiques en donnant un sens de sa langue propre à une expression étrangère).
Ballene Præsidium et Castra Nova étaient des villes de garnison, bien qu’on n’ait pas trouvé d’inscription en ce sens. Les Romains introduisent l’irrigation avec barrages de dérivation et canaux(2). Ils suspendent leurs arrosages lorsque les forts orages éclatent en amont, là où se trouvent des terrains et des sources salées, néfastes aux cultures. Cette utilisation de l’eau permet de corriger la sécheresse pour pratiquer la culture des céréales et des arbres fruitiers (oliviers et grenadiers).
=====================================================================
https://golvenezuela.files.wordpress.com... Pequeno maracanazo (Dep. Italia)
http://www.google.pt/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Tesi della Cattolica Andres Bello sul Dep. Italia/Petare (ERA D'AMBROSIO!!!!)
=========================================================
http://clubecolours.blogspot.com/2010/09... O pequeno maracanazo (in portoghese)
======================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=1F9oAAA... Cohors breucorum
===============================================================
http://filah.over-blog.org/ Diana Veteranorum (e Ahaggar Tin Hinan forse romano?) di blogger arabo
==============================================================
http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/26338/t... Tomb of Tin Hinan on former roman fort?
==============================================================
http://www.tigzirt.eu/index.html History of Iomnium/Tigzirt
=========================================================
http://books.google.com/books?id=n7gBAAA... Libro in francese sulla storia della mauretania romana OTTIMO!
========================================================================
http://crc-internet.org/our-doctrine/nat... Storia dell'Algeria Cristiana, scritta da prete favorevole ai pied noirs
============================================================================
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... GIUSEPPE MOTTA
THE FIGHT FOR BALKAN LATINITY. THE AROMANIANS UNTIL WORLD WAR I. în „MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES,” VOL. 2(3), SEPTEMBER, 2011, ROME
Editura Predania/ CP 67, OP 13, București www.predania.ro
===============================================================
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j... Libro di ingegnere inglese di nome Bell su presenza romana nel Great Glen canale a Fort Augustus ed altro in Scozia/Caledonia
==========================================================================
Gruppi Azione Nizzarda ..... http://italianpolitic.wordpress.com/
Vignoli :Storia e letteratura di Nizza italiana..(scaricare il file)... http://www.monarchia.it/pubblicazioni_ni...
=========================================================================
http://btgsanmarco.it/allegati/il-battag... Unico riferimento all'occupazione della ex-Concessione austriaca di Tientsin nel giugno 1928
=========================================================================
http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/To... Studio sul cristianesimo nel mondo (Ottimo)
=========================================================================
https://books.google.it/books?id=5noBAAA... Ottimo libro sulla storia medioevale inglese (subroman Britain )
=========================================================================
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Ottima tesi dottorato su Schola medica salernitana e suo giardino botanico
=========================================================================
http://www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/?p=... Articolo di comunisti "wuming" citando brunodam
====================================================================
https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j... Testo su DALMAZIA NAZIONE di de viscovich su letterati neolatini di dalmazia (Girolamo cavagnini...)
======================================================================
http://www.slideshare.net/movimentoirred... Movimento irredentista italiano: fotocopie di vari libri e pubblicazioni su irredentismo...... O T T I M O
===============================================================
dspace.bcucluj.ro/jspui/bitstream/.../1/BCUCLUJ_BAL3585_1923.pdf I Romeni e le minoranze (scritto anche sui valacchi) del 1927
======================================================================
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:A... Wikipedia italiana: amministratori, utenti problematici ed altro
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Sta... Sito dei membri sul LEGAL DEPARTMENT ed altri di Wikimedia
====================================================================
http://www.umbriaturismo.net/turismoumbr... Astorre baglioni, governatore di cipro nel 1571 assedio di famagosta
==============================================================
http://www.arenadipola.it/index.php?opti... storia della VENEZIA GIULIA-ISTRIA LIBERO COMUNE DI POLA
==========================================================
http://preferreading.blogspot.com/2010/1... Portmahomack nel sesto secolo in scozia
========================================================
http://maps.nls.uk/site-map.html MAPPE PERFETTE DELLA SCOZIA IN EPOCA ROMANA e -tra l'altro- libro dettagliato sulla Scozia romana di Roy http://maps.nls.uk/roy/antiquities/index...)
======================================================================
http://www.tiaret.biz/index.php?display=... Storia di Tiaret mauretania (tingitana)
======================================================================
http://www.academia.edu/846817/Lo_svilup... Salerno storia medioevale (OTTIMO)
======================================================================
http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/crude-oil.... OIL grafico: ottimo!
================================================================
https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQ... Roman commerce and merchant settlements in the Red Sea ( and eastern Africa).
====================================================
http://www.incontrostoria.it/petrolio2.h... Petrolio e l'Italia in medio oriente negli anni trenta e quaranta
====================================================
https://books.google.it/books?id=VSK2b0H... Diplomazia italiana in Afganistan negli anni trenta (OTTIMO)
==========================================================
http://hoyvenezuela.info/recorrer-los-si... Iglesias de Caracas (nuestra Senora Lourdes/Plaza Italia)
http://mariafsigillo.blogspot.com/2015/0... Fotos de Plaza Italia y NS de Lourdes
https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/2... OTTIMO su NS de LOURDES chiesa in plaza italia
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5THpKBR7CXU/Th... immagine del busto di garibaldi nella Plaza Italia
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... General Castelli y otros de la independencia de Venezuela (OTTIMO)
http://www.efemeridesvenezolanas.com/ima... Immagine del Castelli
http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?pid=... Domenico Milano scuola agronomia caracas + generale castelli immigrazione 1841
===========================================================
http://ca.wow.com/wiki/Christian_Berbers Christian Berbers su WOW (ci sono tutti i miei articoli cancellati!)
http://ca.wow.com/wiki/History_of_Italia... History of Italian colonial railways su WOW (ci sono tutti su Libia!)
=============================================================
http://terraeantiqvae.blogia.com/2008/02... Berytus (Roman Beirut), con planta de la ciudad romana cerca del Puerto actual
https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-... Roman Syria and BERYTUS (p. 231)
https://books.google.com/books?id=jBU5AQ... Syria romana
http://numistoria.altervista.org/blog/?p... Chiesa bizantina scoperta a San Giovanni d' Acri/Ptolemais
=========================================================
https://excaliburitalia.wordpress.com/20... SVOLTA ANTIEBRAICA ITALIANA DEL 1938 (Mussolini e gli ebrei)
=========================================================
https://www.academia.edu/23092523/IL_TER...
OTTIMO SCRITTO DI ACCADEMICO ITALIANO SUL COMMERCIO ROMANO NEL MAR ROSSO (verso l'India e la Cina, con riferimenti ai PORTI usati)
========================================================
https://www.academia.edu/25242517/New_se... OTTIME MAPPE SU CRISTIANI E VLACHS IN RUMELIA TURCA FINE OTTOCENTO (Academia: New series of ethnic maps by Zsolt Bottlik)
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
==========================================================
C O L O N I A L I S M O I T A L I A N O:
http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-radiotel... Prima Radiotelegrafia in Somalia ed Eritrea
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... Mogadiscio, perla oceano indiano
https://italiacoloniale.wordpress.com/20... BLOG su Colonie italiane
http://www.neteditor.it/content/185291/n... Autobiografia di italiano della Somalia (OTTIMO)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... Primo decennio fascista in Somalia (OTTIMO), scritto da somalo in italiano
=======================================================
http://www.igmi.org/ancient/cerca.php?mo... Istituto Geografico Italiano - MAPPE PERFETTE DELL' AOI (Somalia, ecc..)
http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php... Mappa strade dell'AOI nel 1938
==========================================================
https://www.google.it/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Hanl... testo in francese su occupazione italiana nel 1938-9 di area occidentale della Somalia francese (piana di Henle) mappa pag 171
=====================================================
http://www.lacabalesta.it/biblioteca/Gri... Prima colonia italo-etiope in Eritrea
============================================================
http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/secondague...
articolo sulla sconfitta in AOI (Somalia, ecc)
============================================
http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazion... Guerra coloniale in Libia durante la prima guerra mondiale
==========================================
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&...
Italiani nel mondo (ottimo su colonie italiane)
=============================================================
https://archive.org/stream/tripoliitalia... Storia dettagliata della Guerra italo-turca in libia 1911
http://www.ernandes.net/ricordi/rionelid... Mappa di Tripoli
http://www.paolocason.it/Libia/Pagine%20... Foto di Tripoli italiana
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Tripoli-C... Tripoli-Castel benito airport (mio articolo)
==================================================================
http://www.academia.edu/2286490/Addis_Ab... La rete stradale fascista in Etiopia
==========================================================
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... Cape GUARDAFUi significa guarda e fuggi!
=======================================================
http://www.statopotenza.eu/7917/il-calci... Storia del Calcio Eritreo
=========================================
http://www.academia.edu/5959550/La_Somal... Somalia colonial (storia analizzata da laureando univ. Friuli)
http://www.ilduce.net/conquistaimpero.ht... La conquista del' Impero italiano, scritto nel 1939
====================================================================
http://www.academia.edu/2326842/Le_Poste... Le poste italiane in Libia (rotte aeree ed altro)
====================================================================
http://www.statopotenza.eu/7917/il-calci... Storia DETTAGLIATA del calcio in ERITREA
=====================================================================
http://www.ilchichingiolo.it/cassetto10-... Il Chichingiolo: Voglia di corse (foto e dati sui circuiti di Asmara)
http://www.ilchichingiolo.it/cassetto10-... Voglia di corse...continuazione con ottime foto
http://www.artcurial.com/en/departments/... Articolo in inglese su "Nefasit to Asmara Hillclimb for the Coppa del Governatore dell’Eritrea on 23 May1937"
http://forums.autosport.com/topic/65151-... Circuito automobilistico di Asmara nel 1938 (OTTIMO)
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AAn3ZCO2Mhk/T4... Foto Alfa Romeo 1750 ad Asmara anni trenta
http://www.woiweb.com/wiki/index.php5/Fi... Foto del circuito di asmara del 1950
http://www.ilchichingiolo.it/Immagini2/0... Primo circuito asmara 1938
https://books.google.it/books?id=SW_q8y7... Circuito di Mogadiscio (Fascismo e sport nelle colonie)
http://archive.libya-al-mostakbal.org/He... Postcard of decauville in Derna-Italian libya
http://www.trainweb.org/eritrean/scrapbo... Trenino TIBB a Mogadiscio in 1930 ( TIBB=Tecnomasio Italiano Brown Boveri), raggiungeva i 70 km/h
====================================================================
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... Le strade italiane in Africa Orientale (OTTIMO)
http://d383x9er2dcb4o.cloudfront.net/wp-... foto della stazione ferroviaria di mogadiscio
http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/icc... foto decauville vicino merca/somalia
http://images-00.delcampe-static.net/img... Foto della Corriera Massaua-Asmara-Addis Abeba
=================================================================
http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luc... Motissime Foto LUCE di Mogadiscio
http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luc... Video di Mogadiscio nel 1931 con immagini dell'aeroporto Petrella
https://books.google.it/books?id=zwdQOqm...
L'aeronautica italiana: una storia del novecento (con dati su Mogadiscio)
=================================================================
http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php... Foto di mappa di fine 1938 dove si vede in rosso a ferrovia mogadiscio-villabruzzi che continua fino a bolo burti
https://books.google.it/books?id=yk0DBAA...
Nelle "note" di pag 52, storia dettagliata di Villabruzzi
http://www.artefascista.it/mogadiscio__f... Arte fascista: Mogadiscio
http://www.bibibruschi.com/#!mogadiscio-... Foto spettatori mogadiscio circuito auto1938
http://m8.i.pbase.com/o3/27/350127/1/900... foto di ragazza somala su moto a mogadiscio 1938
http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&a... TROVATO! Articolo sul Circuito di Mogadiscio del 1938 (moto+macchine)...corsa fatta a ferragosto 1938
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Corriere della Somalia: moto gare nel 1951 Mogadiscio
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Articolo sulle gare di moto vinte a Mogadiscio nel 1951 e 1952 da Attilio Di Nunzio
http://www.ebay.es/itm/cV950-SOMALIA-Mog... Cartolina del Gran Premio Motociclistico della Somalia nel 1953
http://www.ebay.ca/itm/63719-GRAN-PREMIO... Cartolina del GP motociclistico Somalia 1952
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/brun...(Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero:-Scienze)/ fisico Rossi su "Altopiano eritreo" ricerca scientifica
=========================================================
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&...
Gozo assegnata al regno di sicilia nel 1798 dagli isolani. www.melitensiawth.com
======================================================================
https://books.google.com/books?id=LlIJl5... Italian involvement in Yemen in 1920-1930s
========================================================================
https://books.google.com/books?id=mTRlAg... Italians in the middle east 1922-1942, by an arab
=======================================================================
http://storiaefuturo.eu/il-fascismo-erit... ERITREA E CADUTA IMPERO ITALIANO: OTTIMO!
========================================================================
http://programacontactoconlacreacion.blo... Somalia pas a manos italianas....OTTIMO (forse mio) con FOTO BELLE
========================================================================
http://www.academia.edu/777195/Education... Education in Italian Empire (good statistics)
===================================================================
https://books.google.com/books?id=e6cFIz... Italian companies in Italian Somalia
=======================================================================
http://www.storiaverita.org/?p=1089 ala littoria in libia e aoi
http://www.ernandes.net/savasta/terzo.ht... Forza aerea in libia nel 1940
http://www.giemmesesto.org/Documentazion... Storia e foto a castel benito del sm74
http://www.ilpostalista.it/unico2004pag5... linea dell'impero
http://www.icharta.com/it/c-096961-1934-... Volo postale roma-mogadiscio del 1934
http://www.century-of-flight.net/new%20s... Italian early commercial aviation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1OHOsSe9... VIDEO LUCE sui Coloni Ventimilli del 1938 Libia
http://enhancedwiki.altervista.org/youtu... Video Luce su Eritrea italiana
http://books.google.com/books?id=KQ0MAAA... Associazione mussulmana del Littorio in Libia
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/South... english article on Somalia conquest in january 1941
======================================================
http://xoomer.virgilio.it/ramius/Militar... Truppe a Gondar (101 Italian Somali Division)
=======================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=Ts9aAwAA...
Colonie italiane in Cina
========================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=5UJKAAAA...
il 1900 della marina italiana in Cina (OTTIMO)
==========================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=c5ZEAgAA... italia e cina: ottimo per dati numerici
========================================================
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Italiani a Shanghai
===============================================================
http://conlapelleappesaaunchiodo.blogspo... Comandante Borsini ed affondamento del cacciatorpediniere Nullo nel mar rosso - ottobre 1940
===============================================================
http://www.albertoparducci.it/photo_gall... Resoconto delle medaglie d'oro in marina italiana nella seconda Guerra mondiale ed altro ottimi dipinti raffiguranti i personaggi
===============================================================
https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui... Faro al capo Guardafui in Somalia
http://www.liberoricercatore.it/immagini...
http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&... Storia di Mogadiscio (urbanizzazione) OTTIMO!
=============================================================
http://www.internetculturale.it/opencms/... Foto dell'interno della cattedrale di Mogadiscio
===============================================================
http://books.google.it/books?id=SW_q8y72... sport nelle colonie italiane sotto il fascismo
=================================================================
http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/quando-la... Quando la Croazia doveva essere italiana (OTTIMO)
http://www.avvenire.it/Cronaca/Pagine/No... italiani di cattaro (Ottimo)
========================================================================
http://www.ph.unito.it/fisicatoit.html (Il primo laboratorio ad alta quota fu realizzato dall'italo-ebreo Bruno Rossi all'Asmara nel 1932 a 2400 metri di elevazione; la latitudine tropicale servì a mostrare un eccesso da Ovest nella direzione di provenienza della radiazione. Interpretando l'effetto come dovuto all'interazione tra la carica elettrica del primario e il campo magnetico terrestre si stabilì che i primari hanno carica positiva, quindi protoni o nuclei. )
==========================================================================
[[Image:Ugo Foscolo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Ugo Foscolo]], hero of the Italian Risorgimento, was born in [[Zante]] and lived in [[Corfu]] when young. He was used as a propaganda example for the Italian irredentism in the Ionian islands]]
'''Italian irredentism in the Ionian islands''' was the only irredentism supported by Italian nationalists in [[Greece]] territory during [[Fascism]].
==Characteristics==
This irredentism was promoted only during the [[Mussolini]] dictatorhip, and was mainly related to the island of [[Corfu]]. This island, that was the northernmosdt of the [[Ionian islands]], had a small population still venetian speaking since the fall of the [Republic of Venice]] in 1797. Even if greatly diminished in number and importance, the [[Corfiot Italians]] in the 1930s were supported by the growing nationalism of Musssolini's Italy.
Indeed when Venice ruled Corfu and the [[Ionian islands]], which lasted during the [[Renaissance]] and until the late 18th century, most of the Corfiote and Ionian upper classes spoke Italian (or Venetian in many cases) and converted to [[Roman Catholicism]], but the mass of people remained Greek ethnically, linguistically, and religiously before and after the Ottoman sieges of the 16th century. Corfiot Italians were mainly concentrated in the city of Corfu, which was called "Città di Corfù" by the Venetians. More than half of the population of Corfu city in the 18th century was Venetian-speaking.Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano...Malta, Corsica, Nizza'', p. 92.
The re-emergence of Greek nationalism, after the [[Napoleonic]] era, contributed to the disappearance of the Corfiot Italians (and the few Italians of the Ionian islands, like the family [[Ugo Foscolo|Foscolo]] in Zante). Corfu was ultimately incorporated into [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] in 1864. The Greek government abolished all Italian schools in the Ionian islands in 1870, and as a consequence, by the 1940s there were only four hundred Corfiote Italians left.Vignoli Giulio. ''Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa'', p. 132.
==[[Corfiot Italians]] and the Risorgimento==
The Italian [[Risorgimento]] was initially concentrated in the Italian peninsula with the surrounding continental areas ([[Istria]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Trentino]], [[Nice|Nizzardo]], etc.) and did not reach Corfu and the [[Ionian islands]]. One of the main heroes of the Italian Risorgimento, the poet [[Ugo Foscolo]], was born in [[Zante]] from a noble Venetian family of the island, but only superficially promoted the possible unification of the Ionian islands to Italy.
The first newspaper of Corfu was in Italian: the official weekly newspaper (''Gazzetta degli Stati Uniti delle Isole Jone'') was first published in 1814. First in Italian, then in both Greek and Italian, finally from 1850 in Greek and English; and it continued for the entire duration of the English Protectorate until 1864.
According to historian Ezio Gray, the small communities of Venetian-speaking people in Corfu were mostly assimilated after the island became part of Greece in 1864 and especially after all Italian schools were closed in 1870.Gray, Ezio ''Le terre nostre ritornano...'' p. 118
However, the Italian language maintained some importance, as can be seen by the fact that poets like Stefano Martzokis (Marzocchi was the surname of the father, an Italian from [[Emilia-Romagna]]) and Geranimos Markonos, the first from Corfù and the second from [[Cefalonia]], wrote in Italian some of their poems in the second half of the 19th century.
The island of Corfu was a refuge for many Italians in exile during the [[Unification of Italy|Wars of Independence of Italy]], like [[Niccolò Tommaseo]] (who married Diamante Pavello-Artale, a Corfiot Italian).Seton-Watson. ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925'', p. 236.
After [[World War I]], however, the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] started to apply a policy of expansionism toward the Adriatic area and saw Corfu as the gate of this sea. [[Benito Mussolini]] developed an extreme nationalistic position in accordance to the ideals of [[Italia irredenta|Italian irredentism]] and actively promoted the unification of Corfu to Italy.
The Corfiote Italians, even if reduced to a few hundreds in the 1930s, were strongly supported by [[fascist]] propaganda and in the summer of 1941 (after the Italian occupation of the Ionian islands) Italian schools were reopened in Corfu city.Vignoli Giulio ''Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa'', p. 143. During World War II Mussolini promoted an initial development of Italian irredentism in Corfu, similar to the one being promoted in [[Italian irredentism in Savoy|Savoy]].Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano... Malta, Corsica, Nizza'', p. 127.
After World War I, Italy had embarked on a policy of expansionism towards the Adriatic, in which Corfu played an important role, as it controlled entrance to it. As shown by the [[Corfu incident|incident of 1923]], Mussolini and [[Italia irredenta|Italian irredentism]] had set their sights firmly on the island. The Italian community was an especially useful tool, and it was both supported and exploited by Fascist propaganda.
==WWII==
The Italians occupied the bulk of the Greek mainland and most of the islands. Although several proposals for territorial annexation had been put forward in [[Rome]], none were actually carried out during the war. This was due to pressure from the King of Italy, [[Victor Emmanuel III]], and from the Germans, who were concerned of further alienating the Greek population, which was already strongly opposing the Bulgarian annexations.
Nevertheless in the Ionian Islands, long a target of Italian expansionism, the Greek civil authorities were replaced by Italians in preparation for a post-war annexation. Indeed during the Second World War Mussolini wanted to possess the Ionian Islands: the Italians occupied Corfu and the Ionian islands from 28 March 1941. They implemented a process of [[italianization]], with creation of Italian schools, centered around the small surviving community of the Corfiote Italians, who still spoke the Venetian dialect,Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano... Malta, Corsica, Nizza'', p. 162. but which by that time numbered only 500 people, living mainly in Corfu city.Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano...Malta, Corsica, Nizza'', p. 47.
Furthermore [[Epirus]], the area near the Albanian border where a significant Albanian minority (the [[Cham Albanians]]) lived, was claimed by Albanian [[irredentism|irredentists]] as ''[[Chameria]]''. Before the war, a great part of Italian propaganda against Greece had revolved around the Chameria issue, as the Italians hoped to gain Albanian support by promoting irredentism in Chameria and [[Kosovo]].Fischer (1999), pp. 70-75 Although the Italians wanted to annex Chameria to Albania (that was "nominally" part of the Kingdom of Italy, in a way similar to [[Wales]] inside [[Great Britain]]), the Germans vetoed the proposal. An Albanian High Commissioner, Xhemil Dino, was appointed, but his authority was limited, and for the duration of the Occupation, the area remained under direct control from the Axis military authorities in Athens.Fischer (1999), p. 85
Another case of Italian-sponsored puppet states on Greek territory were the proposed Aromanian [[Principality of the Pindus]] and the Grand Voivodeship of Macedonia, statelets that were to encompass the regions of [[West Macedonia]], northern Thessaly and Epirus,Poulton, Hugh, ''Who are the Macedonians?'' Indiana University Press. (2000) p. 111 and headed by [[Alchiviad Diamandi di Samarina|Alchiviad Diamandi]], [[Nicolau Matoussi]] and Count [[Gyula Cseszneky]]. But many of the autochtonous Aromanian population however refused to collaborate and the "principality" never amounted to much beyond Diamandi's followers, the so-called ''Roman Legion''.Mazower (1995), p. 46 With the growth of the Resistance in 1943 and the collapse of their Italian sponsors in September 1943, the plans for the Principality were conclusively shelved.
Until September 1943 the population of the Ionian islands did not participate in the guerrilla war against the Italians and the Axis: only some protests happened, made by students in Corfu city.Compared to what happened in the other two zones of Greece occupied (the German and the Bulgarian), the Italian occupation regime was relatively mild, which can be seen from the relatively low number of executions and atrocities committed in the Italian zone of occupation when compared with the atrocities and executions committed in the German and Bulgarian zones. Furthermore, unlike the Germans, and aside from some local commanders, the Italian military protected the Jews in their zone. The Germans were purportedly perturbed as the Italians not only protected Jews on their territory, but in parts of occupied France, Greece, the Balkans, and elsewhere, where they protected local Jewish populations also. On 13 December 1942, Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, wrote in his diary, ''“The Italians are extremely lax in the treatment of the Jews. They protect the Italian Jews both in [[Tunis]] and in occupied France and will not permit their being drafted for work or compelled to wear the Star of David. This shows once again that Fascism does not really dare to get down to fundamentals but is very superficial regarding problems of vital importance.”''
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
* Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano... Malta, Corsica, Nizza''. De Agostini Editoriale. Novara, 1943
* {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Bernd Jürgen|title=Albania at War, 1939-1945|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85065-531-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C}}
* Martin, John Jeffries. ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797''. Johns Hopkins UP. New York, 2002.
* Mazower, Mark. ''Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44''. Yale University Press. Yale, 1995 ISBN 0-300-08923-6.
* Norwich, John Julius. ''A History of Venice''. Vintage Books. New York, 1989.
* Seton-Watson, Christopher. ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925''. John Murray Publishers. London, 1967.
* Tagliavini, Carlo. ''Le origini delle lingue neolatine''. Patron Ed. Bologna, 1982.
* Vignoli, Giulio. ''Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa. Saggi E Interventi''. Editore Giuffrè. Roma, 2000.
==See also==
* [[Corfiot Italians]]
* [[Italian irredentism in Malta]]
{{Italian irredentism by region}}
[[Category:Italian irredentism]]
=======================================================================
==Circuito Mogadiscio==
[[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Corso Vittorio Emanuele, where was done the "Circuito Mogadiscio" in 1938 and 1939. The stands where near the "Arch" dedicated to Umberto II]]
''Circuito Mogadiscio''' (called even "Circuito di Mogadiscio" and in English: "Mogadishu Circuit") was a car race done in the main streets of [[Mogadiscio]], that was created in 1938 [[Italian Somalia]] http://www.bibibruschi.com/#!mogadiscio-... Foto of the Circuit Stands]
==History==
[[File:Alfa Romeo 12C (1936).jpg|thumb|left|300px|A late version of the Alfa Romeo 1750 (winner of the 1938 Circuito Montecarlo) in a Museum]]
The main Italian newspaper of Mogadiscio and the Italian colonies, ''Il Littoriale'', http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&a... Il Littoriale on the Circuit of Mogadiscio at page 5 (in Italian)] reported that on mid-August 1938 was done the first car race circuit of Mogadiscio.
Indeed, on August 15 the Governor Francesco Saveno flagged the start of a car race followed by many thousands in the "Corso Vittorio Emanuele" (actual "Somalia Boulevard") of Somalia's capital, where there were the main stands. On Mogadiscio streets many Somalis enjoyed enthusiastically to the first car race in their country. It was followed even by a motorcycle race, done with 250 cc and 350 cc category and won respectively by Girotto on [[Benelli (motorcycles)|Benelli]] and by Pontiggia on [[Moto Guzzi|Guzzi]]. http://m8.i.pbase.com/o3/27/350127/1/900... Foto of Somali girl, fan of the moto race]
The car race was similar (even if smaller) to those done in other Italian colonies: the [[Circuito Asmara]] in [[Italian Eritrea]] and the worldwide famous [[Tripoli Grand Prix]] in [[Italian Libya]]. The "Circuito di Mogadiscio" was repeated in 1939, but the edition of 1940 was not done because of the beginning of [[WWII]].
{{Quote|''The race was done without accidents and registered the following results: Battaglia on "Alfa Romeo 1750" was the winner for Category Sport at 111 km/h, while Lombardi won on "Fiat Balilla" the Category 1500cc and Ciccotti won the Category Tourism on "Lancia DiLambda"....''Il Littoriale}}
The most important category was dominated by the [[Alfa Romeo Bimotore|Alfa Romeo 1750]], a race car built under [[Enzo Ferrari]] supervision that won in many other circuits (like the Christmas Asmara circuit of 1938 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AAn3ZCO2Mhk/T4... Photo of the Alfa Romeo 1750 that won in Asmara, Eritrea]).
[[File:Circuito Asmara 1950.JPG|thumb|right|250px|An early version of the Alfa Romeo 1750 (white car in second line) in a 1950 Asmara Race]]
According to Gianluca Gabrielli there were 7 stands (2 stands only for the autochthonous population) and the magazine/newspaper "Corriere della Somalia" reported that in 1938 more than 10,000 spectators enjoyed the two sets of races (cars and motorcycles).Gianluca Gabrielli. "L'attivita' sportiva nelle colonie italiane". I SENTIERI DELLA RICERCA rivista di storia contemporanea. p. 118-123
Those race cars were also promoted by the Italian government to increase the image of Italy (inside the colonial populations and in the world) as a technologically country with state-of-the-art mechanical industry. Indeed, Italian Mogadiscio in 1938 was the second manufacturing city -after Italian Asmara- in the Eastern Africa's Italian Empire. The triangle Mogadiscio-Genale-Villabruzzi was the most developed area of the Italian colony, with one of the biggest vehicles concentration (per inhabitants) of all Africa: nearly 3000 vehicles in 1939. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... L'automobilismo in Africa Orientale Italian; p.3 (in Italian)]
===Motorcycle races after WWII===
After [[WWII]] the "Circuito Mogadiscio" was done only with motorcycles races and was called ''Gran Premio Motociclistico della Somalia'' (GP Motorcycle of Somalia). It was celebrated from 1950 until 1954, http://www.ebay.es/itm/cV950-SOMALIA-Mog... 1953 Postcard] when the [[Italian Trusteeship of Somalia|italian governmnent obtained the "Somalia Trusteeship"]] from the [[ONU]]. The race was done on the coastal streets of Mogadiscio, near the port and on "Lungomare Corni", http://www.ebay.it/itm/STORIA-POSTALE-Co... Mogadiscio postcard: Lungomare Corni in 1939] and was more than one mile long http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/... Corriere della Somalia of August 7, 1951 (in Italian)]
Attilio Di Nunzio won the 500cc category from 1950 to 1952 with his self-improved Guzzi. http://www.angelopinci.it/web/sites/defa... Di Nunzio victories, with photo (in Italian)]
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
*Del Boca, Angelo and Gabrielli, Gianluca. ''L’attività sportiva nelle colonie italiane durante il fascismo. Tra organizzazione del consenso, disciplinamento del tempo libero e «prestigio di razza»'' "I Sentieri della ricerca", rivista di storia contemporanea. Crodo, 2005 ( http://www.cddelbocafekini.org/wp-conten...])
*Hess, Robert L. ''Italian Colonialism in Somalia''. University of Chicago P. Chicago, 1966.
*Tripodi, Paolo. ''The Colonial Legacy in Somalia''. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.
==See also==
* [[Italian Somalia]]
* [[Circuito Asmara]]
* [[Tripoli Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Somalia]]
[[Category:Motorsport in Africa]]
[[Category:Italian Somaliland]]
==================================================
==Circuito Asmara==
[[File:Circuito Asmara 1950.JPG|thumb|right|500px|The ''Circuito Asmara'' was started in 1938. Photo of the 1950 car race, in the "III Circuito Asmara"]]
'''Circuito Asmara''' (called in Italian even "Circuito di Asmara" and in English: "Asmara Circuit") was a car race done in the main streets of [[Asmara]]. The Circuito was created in 1938 [[Italian Eritrea]] and was later done -with many interruptions- until 1972.
===History===
{{Quote|'' (The Italians in Asmara) organised an automobile club and started running competitions, one of the first of which was the 26 Kms Nefasit to Asmara Hillclimb for the "Coppa del Governatore dell’Eritrea" on 23 May 1937. I am sure that there was more competition but the next major event was held on Christmas Day 1938 which attracted two Alfa Romeos from Italy as well as lots of locals. There were two races for cars up to, and over, 1.5 litres. The former was won by a 4CS Maserati, whilst Romano’s Alfa Romeo 8C2300 Monza won the main event. There were no fewer than fourteen 6C1750 Alfa entered in the race for larger capacity cars so it is not surprising that an Alfa Romeo agency was opened in Asmara.'' Simon Moore http://www.artcurial.com/en/departments/... 1936 Alfa Romeo 8C]}}
===Notes===
===Bibliography===
===See also===
* [[Circuito Mogadiscio]]
[[Category:Italian Eritrea]]
==============================
http://schoolserver.xsce.org:3000/wikipe... "ROMAN COLONIES IN BERBER AFRICA" ORIGINALE!!!!!!! e tutto il resto "originale" da ricopiare dal template
===============================
LA CARLOTA - Rincon italiano di Caracas
http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/cara...
================================================
=========================================================
GIUSEPPE DAODICE
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Giuseppe Daodice
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|04|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|12|04|1882|04|16}}
| birth_place = [[Dalmine]], Italy
| death_place = [[Bergamo]], Italy
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch = {{army|Kingdom of Italy}}
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = General Officer of Italian Army; Governor of Eritrea; Governor of Scioa/Addis Abeba
| battles = [[World War I]];[[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]];[[World War II]]
}}
'''Giuseppe Daodice''' (Dalmine, 1882 - Bergamo, 1952) was an Italian general. He was [[Governor]] of [[Italian Eritrea]] from 1937 to 1940 and of [[Addis Ababa]] from 1940 to 1941, in [[Italian East Africa|Africa Orientale Italiana]].
==Biography==
[[File:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg|thumb|right|Ordine supremo della Santissima Annunziata]][[File:Ordine_di_Vittorio_Veneto_BAR.svg|thumb|right|Ordine di Vittorio Veneto]][[File:Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg|thumb|right|Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro]][[File:Cavaliere BAR.svg|thumb|right|Ordine militare di Savoia]]
[[File:Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg|thumb|right|Ordine della Corona d'Italia]]
Daodice when was twelve years old went to a catholic seminary in [[Bergamo]]. But the young man did not want to pursue a career in the church and his parents enrolled him at the [[Nunziatella military academy]]. Then went to the [[Military Academy of Modena]] and became [[lieutenant]] of cavalry. He participated in the [[Italo-Turkish War]] as [[Officer (armed forces)|Official]] of active service in [[Tripoli]], in the siege of Ain Zara and in [[Cyrenaica]]. He was [[Military|conscript]] in 1915 and -by intervening in the battles of the Isonzo- he was wounded in the [[Seventh Battle of the Isonzo]]: for this serious wound he was relegated to service distant from the front for some months, but soon wanted to go back to the battle front. Daodice was then promoted to [[major]] after the [[Battle of the Piave River|Battle of the solstice]] and the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]] in 1918.
After the war, Daodice remained hostile to the [[fascism]] becoming "military attaché" in 1926 in [[Lisbon]] and later in [[Budapest]] from 1928 to 1931. In 1934 he was promoted to [[Colonel]], fighting the [[Ethiopian War]] ([[First Battle of Tembien]], Battle of Step Uarieu and Battle of Mai Ceu) as adjutant first to [[Pietro Badoglio|Badoglio]] and then to [[Rodolfo Graziani]]. During the war Daodice was the author of numerous deportations to concentration camps of members of the local population. With his successful victories, Daodice was awarded the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Order of the Supreme Santissima Annunziata]]. http://brusionews.blogspot.com/2014/12/v... Biografia di Giuseppe Daodice (in Italian)]
Daodice was governor of [[Italian Eritrea]] from December 1937 to June 1940 and greatly improved the colony during his mandate. During his rule he promoted the architectural development of [[Italian Asmara]], a city that was nicknamed ''Little Rome'' even because of him.
In his governorship to [[Addis Ababa]]/[[Scioa Governorate]] (June 2, 1940) Daodice built numerous infrastructure to improve the social status; the charge was transferred to [[Agenore Frangipani]] in 1941. Daodice returned to Italy just before the British conquest of Ethiopia's capital, where he was promoted to [[Major General]] and was member of the [[Italian Parliament]], retiring to private life and taking part in a few sessions in two years as "deputy".
Daodice voted against [[Benito Mussolini]] after July 25, 1943 and as a consequence from [[Frosinone]], where he then lived, was forced to flee to [[Caserta]] and from there to [[Brindisi]], with the King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] and Badoglio in September 1943.
After the war he was tried as fascist and for possible crimes perpetrated in Ethiopia: he was sentenced to fifteen years of [[forced labor]], but he did only five. He died in Bergamo in December 1952.
==Awards==
Guseppe Daodice was named ''Knight'' receiving five military & civilian awards: Ordine supremo della Santissima Annunziata, Ordine di Vittorio Veneto, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro, Ordine militare di Savoia and Ordine della Corona d'Italia.
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Goffredo Orlandi Contucci, ''A.O.I.- AFRICA ORIENTALE ITALIANA - La conquista dell'Impero nel ricordo del tenente Goffredo Orlandi Contucci'' - Edizioni MyLife, Monte Colombo/Coriano, 2009 ISBN 978-88-6285-100-8
==See Also==
* [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]]
* [[East African Campaign (World War II)]]
* [[Eritrea Governorate]]
* [[Scioa Governorate]]
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vincenzo De Feo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Governors of Eritrea|Governor of Eritrea]]|years=1937–1940}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Luigi Frusci]]}}
{{end}}
{{Italian Governors of Eritrea and Somaliland}}
{{Eritrea italiana (Colonia Primigenia)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daodice, Giuseppe}}
[[Category:History of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian generals]]
=========================================================
http://www.oglethorpe.edu/faculty/~b_smi... Storia OTTIMA dell'impero romano (conquiste e client kingdoms in Germania/Scandinavia)
========================================================
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se... A study of the client kings in the early Roman period (OTTIMO)
=======================================================
http://www.arsbellica.it/pagine/contempo... ADUA (ottimo)
=======================================================
Caesarea of Mauretania
Originally named Iol, Caesarea of Mauretania lay along the northern coast of Africa near the present day city of Algiers. It was originally founded by the Phoenicians in the fifth century BC to serve as a trading station. During the first century BC, due to the city’s strategic location, new defences were built, and in 33 BC Rome annexed the area, placing it in the hands of a Berber prince named Juba II. Although his father was once an ally of Pompey, Juba had lived in Rome under the tutelage of Julius Caesar, learning to read and write Greek and Latin. As he was considered too Roman to rule, Juba and his wife, Cleopatra Selene (the daughter of Pompey and Cleopatra), were at the mercy of civil unrest when Emperor [[Augustus]] intervened. Juba made the city into a typical Graeco-Roman city, complete with street grids, a theatre, an art collection, and a lighthouse similar to the one at Alexandria. It was Juba who named the city Caesarea after Augustus.
Considered to be one of the more loyal provinces, Caesarea began to grow under Roman rule, eventually reaching a population of over 30,000. In 44 CE during the reign of Emperor Claudius, it became the capital of the imperial province of Mauretania Caesarensis. Later, the emperor made it a colonia, “Colonia Claudia Caesarea”. As with many other cities throughout the empire, he and his followers further romanized the area, building monuments, enlarging the bath houses, adding an amphitheatre, and improving the aqueducts. Later, under the Severean dynasty, a new forum was added. Although it would recover, the city was sacked by Berber tribes during a revolt in 371/372 AD. The area was finally overtaken by the Vandals in 429 AD; however, in 533 Ad the city was seized by the Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian I]]. Earthquakes have since ravaged many of the ancient remains.
Perseus: Caesarea http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text... )
( http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/efr_00... Cesarea di Mauretania e dintorni: scritto accademico perfetto )
=================================================================
CARTENNAS
Tenes is supposed to have been a Phoenician settlement, and was a place of great importance during the Roman occupation, under the name of Cartenna. When Marshal Bugeaud fixed on this spot to establish a French colony, a fine monument, the remains of the ramparts, and other ruins, were standing, but I understand that none are now in existence, except the foundations of the ramparts beneath the present town walls, and the cisterns now utilised by the French. An interesting monumental inscription now in Algiers, records that the Roman Governor, Caius Fulcinius Optatus, successfully defended the colony against an attack by the Baquates, the Bakoutai of the Greeks, doubtless the wild Highlanders of the circumjacent Dahra. This tribe is specially mentioned by Pliny.
Cartenna was rendered famous in the theological disputes which shook the African Christian Church to its centre. Rogatus, Donatist Bishop of Cartenna, established a new Sect, modifying the Donatist Heresy, and his followers were denominated Rogatists, after their founder. During the revolts of Firmus, who was subdued by Theodosius in 371, and by Gildo in 396, Rogatus took advantage of the general confusion to persecute his opponents; but his Sect did not take firm root, and during the episcopacy of Vincentius, his successor, only two African bishops were tainted with this particular heresy.
But the original Donatist Heresy, from which it was an offshoot, nearly overpowered Orthodox Catholicism, and at the Donatist Conference, or Council, at Carthage, in 411, the Orthodox bishops under St. Augustin only mustered seven more than Donatus and his Heretic episcopal adherents—the numbers being two hundred and eighty-six Catholics, against two hundred and seventynine Donatists. These Schismatics desired the severance of the Church from the State. After the Council they were violently persecuted, but continued to survive as a Sect until the sixth century, as mentioned in the letters of Gregory the Great. As this Sect was put down by the African Bishop Augustin, so the still more dangerous schism of Alius was finally overthrown by Athanasius, Patriarch of the African Church, after Unitarianism had been for some time triumphant, and but for his indomitable perseverance would have become the key-stone of the religion of the world.
Though all memorials of the Romans above ground at Tenes have been destroyed—by the Vandals, according to the French—a large portion of the old necropolis has been brought to light by the falling away of part of the cliff, probably during an earthquake. From the deck of the ship the tombs were quite perceptible, and the dark recesses ran some distance along the hill-side, sometimes assuming the form of galleries, along which no doubt vaults branched off on either side. Many of these vaults are used by the Government as magazines and cellars, and I heard that skeletons, and even pieces of clothing and jewelry, had been found in their recesses. At the other extremity of the bay I saw some remains of masonry, which probably mark the site of the Roman port.
Scenes in the Sunny South: Including the Atlas Mountains and the Oases of the Sahara in Algeria, Volume 2
Author Charles Smyth Vereker
Publisher Longmans, Green, and Company, 1871
Original from the University of Wisconsin - Madison
( http://books.google.com/books?id=VofVAAA... )
==========================================================================
MASSACRE OF ITALIANS AT SCIARA SCIAT
http://98.139.236.92/search/srpcache?p=m...
Massacre of Italians at Sciara Sciat
IMAGE:Sciara Sciatt was on the east of Tripoli outskirt, near the coast and Fort Hamidie
The Massacre of Italians at Sciara Sciat occurred in late October 1911 in a village on the outskirts of Tripoli, Libya. Approximately 500 Italian troops (called Bersaglieri) were killed in the incident which occurred during the Italo-Turkish War. It was the biggest loss of life for Italian troops prior to World War I.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Consequences
3 Notes
4 Bibliography
5 See also
History[edit]
The Italian fleet appeared off Ottoman Tripoli in the evening of September 28, 1911: the city was quickly conquered by 1,500 Italian sailors, welcomed by the population.[2]
But after Italy had conquered the city of Tripoli and surroundings from the Ottoman Empire in the first days of October 1911,[3] the interior of Ottoman Libya shortly broke out into revolt, with Italian authorities losing control over large areas of the region.[4]
Indeed before the arrival of the Italian forces in 1911, cells led by Ottoman officers (called "Young Turks", like Kemal Ataturk) had Libyans infiltrate Italian industry and companies in Ottoman Tripolitania, reconnoiter roads, and take a census of all males able to bear arms in Tripoli and Derna: they prepared for a "jihad" with the local Moslems.[5]
Even if the Arab population of the city of Tripoli welcomed the Italians, in the interior of coastal Libya from the first weeks many cruelties were done by local Muslims (supported by Turks disguised as Arab Muslims) to the Italian soldiers and civilians during this revolt, as happened in Sciara Sciat:[6][7]
Indeed the "11 Reggimento" Bersaglieri of colonel Gustavo Fara had the 4th battalion defending the small village/oasis of Sciara Sciatt when started an attack from the Turks and Arabs, and was massacred on the October 23, 1911. The surviving 290 bersaglieri were captured in the local cemetery by local fanatical Moslems but all were tortured and killed with cruelty and sadism.
I saw (in Sciara Sciat) in one mosque seventeen Italian crucifixed with their bodies reduced to the status of bloody rags and bones, but whose faces still retain traces of hellish agony. It has passed through the neck of these wretched a long barrel and arms resting on this rod. They were then nailed to the wall and died for a slow fire between untold suffering. It is impossible for us to paint the picture of these hideous rotted meat hanging pitifully on the bloody wall. In a corner another body is crucified, but as an officer he was to have refined his sufferings. The eyes are stitched. All the bodies were mutilated and castrated; so indescribable was the scene and the bodies appeared swollen as shapeless carrion. But that's not all! In the cemetery of Chui which served as a refuge from the Turks and whence pulled from afar we could see another show. Under the same door in front of the Italian trenches five soldiers had been buried up to their shoulders, their heads emerged from the black sand stained of their blood: heads horrible to see, and there you could read all the tortures of hunger and thirst (Gaston Leroud and the correspondent of Matin-Journal[8])
Argentine journalist Enzo D'Armesano of the Buenos Aires newspaper "La Prensa" was present the next morning in Sciara Sciatt and reported the cruelty with a description that impressed the Argentinian people. He wrote that many local civilians attacked from the back the Italian troops with knives, after initially showing friendship in order to approach them.[9]
IMAGE:Consequences of Sciara Sciatt: execution of 30 Turks dressed as Arabs
The Argentinian reporter wrote even that the only three survivors of the 4th battalion accused the Moslem civilians of the Sciara Sciatt oasis of "tradimento" (betrayal)[10]
Consequences[edit]
At Sciara Sciatt died officially 21 Italian officers and 482 soldiers (290 of them after surrender in Rebab cemetery).[11]
The consequences of this massacre (and others against the Italian troops) were the retaliation and revenge mainly on native civilians in the outskists of Tripoli. Even some Turks were executed because found dressed as Arabs, in order to infiltrate inside the area controlled by the Italians and promote treacherous attacks by the local Muslims.
One of the opponents of the Italian intervention in the conquest of Ottoman Libya, a Marxist activist and future dictator Benito Mussolini, started to change his opinion after news of this massacre reached Italy. He, later in the late 1920s, remembered (and always cited) this Sciara Sciatt massacre when imposed his Pacification of Libya.
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Italo-turkish war
2.Jump up ^ Tripoli inhabitants welcomed the Italians (p. 36-40)
3.Jump up ^ Smallwarsjournal: Arab thoughts on Italian-Turkish war
4.Jump up ^ Wright, John (1983). Libya: A Modern History. Kent, England: Croom Helm. p. 30.
5.Jump up ^ Bruce Davenport, second chapter
6.Jump up ^ Sciara sciat and the massacre of Italians
7.Jump up ^ "Cronaca e storia del Corpo dei Bersaglieri", Daniele Piazza Editore, Torino 1986, pag.173
8.Jump up ^ Gaston Leroud , Matin Journal edition august 23, 1917
9.Jump up ^ Bruce Davenport, p. 38
10.Jump up ^ Antonio De Martino. "Tripoli italiana", p. 116-118
11.Jump up ^ Corriere della Sera: Sciara Sciatt
Bibliography[edit]
Bruce Vandervort. Verso la quarta sponda, la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912) Stato maggiore dell'esercito. Roma, 2012
De Martino, Antonio. Tripoli italiana. la Guerra italo-turca Societa' libraria italiana. New York, 1912 (Library of Congress edition)
Gerwarth, Robert. Empires at War: 1911-1923. The Greater War. Publisher Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2014 ISBN 0191006947
Ministero della Difesa.Cronaca e storia del Corpo dei Bersaglieri, Daniele Piazza Ed. Torino, 1986
See also[edit]
Italo-Turkish War
1911 Tripoli massacre
Italian Libya
templates:
Italian colonial conflicts
Italian Libya
IMAGE:Administrative subdivision of Italian Libya.jpg
Categories: Italian Libya
Italo-Turkish War
Massacres in Libya
===============================================================
PROVINCE OF POLA
IMAGE:Province of Pola, with municipalities
The Province of Pola (in Italian Provincia di Pola) was a province of the Kingdom of Italy created after WWI, that officially existed from 1923 until 1947.
Characteristics
IMAGE:Coat of Arms of Italian Pola
The Province of Pola was divided in 1938 in 42 "Comuni" (municipalities) and had an area of 3,718 km2 with a population of 294,492 inhabitants (80 ab./km2).[1] It was located in the peninsula of Istria.
The 1921 Italian Census showed that in the Province there were 199,942 Italians (67%) and 90.262 Croats (23%), with 9% of Slovenians and Austrians, most of them former employees of the Hasburg empire. The city of Pola had 41,125 Italians (91%) e 5,420 Croats (9%). In the Province there was a small community of Istroromanians, concentrated around the Valdarsa area in central Istria.[citation needed]
IMAGE:Location of Province of Pola within the Kingdom of Italy
Nearly 96% of the population was Catholic and they were members of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parenzo and Pola, in those years under the "Arcidiocesi di Gorizia".[citation needed]
History
The Province of Pola was created in January 1923 with "Regio Decreto # 53" after Italy's victory in WWI that united Istria to the Kingdom of Italy: it was the former "Margraviato d'Istria" with the islands of Quarnaro, Cherso and Lussino.
The Via Flavia, rebuilt and improved in 1928
The Via Flavia, rebuilt and improved in 1928
Initially the province was made of all the areas of Istria, less Muggia and other small municipalities united to the Province of Trieste. But in 1924 the area of "Circondario di Volosca-Abbazia" -less the municipalities of Castelnuovo d'Istria and Matteria- was united to the Province of Fiume.[2]
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole of Istria – except the territory of Castua – were assigned to Italy.[3]
Pola became the capital of the newly created "Province of Pola". The city's decline in population after World War I [4] was mainly due to economic difficulties caused by the withdrawal of Austro-Hungarian military and bureaucratic facilities and the dismissal of workers from the shipyard.
Under the Italian Fascist government of Benito Mussolini, non-Italians, especially Slavic residents, faced stringent political and cultural repression (as a retaliation for what happened to Italians before and during WWI), and many fled the city of Pola and Istria altogether. After the collapse of Fascist Italy in September 1943, the city and the province were occupied by the German Army. Consequently, the province was subjected to repeated Allied bombing from 1943 until the end of 1944. In the last phase of the war Pola and the province saw arrests, deportations and executions of people suspected of aiding the Tito's partisans, because of the Foibe mass killings they did.
In the early 1930s were improved the Ferrovia istriana and the railways station of Pola, while in 1935 was closed the Ferrovia Parenzana (an old narrow gauge railway). New navigation lines from Istria were added, mainly toward Trieste, Venice and Ancona; a weekly ship service that connected all the minor ports of Istria from Trieste to Pola and to Fiume was created. From 1935 the Adriatica di Navigazione connected with huge modern ships Pola with Zara and Ancona.
In the 1930s the Province of Pola enjoyed an economic revival based on minerary exploitation (coal in Valdarsa) and infrastructure investments.[5] The Via Flavia -from Trieste to Pola- was enlarged and reduced in distance; the railways were improved and the water facilities increased with the new "Acquedotto istriano".[6] The port and shipyard of Pola were increased with modern military facilities, while an airport was built in the same area.[7]
Even tourism stated to be increased, mainly to the Roman ruins of Pola: in 1938, the Italian region of Istria had 129,838 foreign visitors.[8]
List of "Comuni" (municipalities)
N.
Name in Italian
Official #
Actual nation
Actual municipality
Notes
1 Albona A170 Croatia Albona
Santa Domenica
2 Antignana A311 Croatia Antignana
San Pietro in Selve
3 Arsa A442 Croatia Arsa Municipality created in 1937
4 Barbana d'Istria A624 Croatia Barbana
5 Bogliuno A924 Croatia Lupogliano
6 Brioni Maggiore B186 Croatia Pola Municipality created in 1934
7 Buie d'Istria B260 Croatia Buie
8 Canfanaro B601 Croatia Canfanaro
9 Capodistria B665 Slovenia Capodistria [9]
10 Cherso C601 Croatia Cherso
11 Cittanova d'Istria C748 Croatia Cittanova
12 Dignano d'Istria D301 Croatia Dignano
- Draguccio D362 Croatia Cerreto Eliminated in 1928
13 Erpelle-Cosina D465 Slovenia Erpelle-Cosina Named Occisla-Clanzo before 1922
14 Fianona D563 Croatia Chersano
15 Gimino E032 Croatia Gimino
16 Grisignana E183 Croatia Grisignana
17 Isola d'Istria E355 Slovenia Isola
18 Lussingrande E765 Croatia Lussinpiccolo
19 Lussinpiccolo E766 Croatia Lussinpiccolo [10]
20 Maresego E942 Slovenia Capodistria
21 Montona F683 Croatia Montona
Caroiba
22 Neresine F869 Croatia Lussinpiccolo Municipality created in 1924
23 Orsera G127 Croatia Orsera
San Lorenzo
Fontane
24 Ossero G177 Croatia Lussinpiccolo
25 Parenzo G322 Croatia Parenzo
Torre-Abrega [11]
26 Paugnano G380/F495 Slovenia Capodistria Renamed Monte di Capodistria in 1927
27 Pinguente G675 Croatia Pinguente
28 Pirano G700 Slovenia Pirano
29 Pisino G709 Croatia Pisino
Gallignana
Pedena [12]
30 Pola G778 Croatia Pola
Fasana
Lisignano
Marzana
Medolino [13]
31 Portole G915 Croatia Portole
32 Rovigno H619 Croatia Rovigno Renamed Rovigno d'Istria in 1924
33 Rozzo H624 Croatia Pinguente
34 Sanvincenti I386 Croatia Sanvincenti
35 Silun Mont'Aquila I733/E440 Croatia Lanischie Renamed Lanischie in 1929
36 Umago L491 Croatia Umago
37 Valdarsa L533 Croatia Chersano New city created for Istroromanians in 1923. A section was named Susgnevizza before 1922
38 Valle d'Istria L602 Croatia Valle
39 Verteneglio L793 Croatia Verteneglio
40 Villa Decani L932 Slovenia Capodistria Named Villa Decani before 1922
41 Visignano M074 Croatia Visignano Renamed Visignano d'Istria in 1925
42 Visinada M075 Croatia Visinada
Castellier-Santa Domenica
See also
•Provinces of Italy
•Province of Carnaro
•Province of Trieste
Notes
1.^ Annuario Generale 1938-XVI, Consociazione Turistica Italiana. Milano,1938 p. 661
2.^ R.D.L. 22 febbraio 1924, n. 213. s:R.D.L. 22 febbraio 1924, n. 213 - "Istituzione della provincia del Carnaro con capoluogo Fiume" (Creation of Province of Carnaro)
3.^ Cresswell, Atkins & Dunn 2006, p. 117.
4.^ The 1910 Austrian census recorded in the city of Pola a population of 58,562 -with 45.8% Italian speaking and 15.2% Slavs- while in 1921 Pola had only 49,000 inhabitants.(Kocsis, Károly; Az etnikai konfliktusok történeti-földrajzi háttere a volt Jugoszlávia területén; Teleki László Alapítvány, 1993 ISBN 963-04-2855-5)
5.^ Acquedotto istriano (in Italian)
6.^ Map of Acquedotto istriano
7.^ Enciclopedia Treccani: Istria http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istr...(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/)
8.^ Anton Gosar (University of Primorska, Slovenia): The development or tourism in Istria
9.^ In 1910 78,8% of inhabitants were Italians and 19.2% Slovenians.
10.^ In 1921 68% of inhabitants were Italians and 15% Croats.
11.^ In 1921 75% of inhabitants were Italians, 5% Slovenians and 20% Croats.
12.^ In 1921 39% of inhabitants were Italians, 2.5% Slovenians and 57% Croats.
13.^ In 1921 71% of inhabitants were Italians and 20% Croats.
Bibliography
•Boris Gombač. Atlante storico dell'Adriatico orientale Bandecchi & Vivaldi Editori. Pontedera, 2007
•Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily. Time Out Croatia Ebury Publishing, Random House. London, 2007 ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1
•Villa Chiara. Fotoricordo ([1])
Categories: History of Italy
History of Istria
================================================
PROVINCE OF CATTARO
IMAGE:Map of the "Cattaro province" and the Governorate of Dalmatia.
The Province of Cattaro (in Italian: Provincia di Cattaro) was a province of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia, created in May 1941 during World War II (by the Regio Decreto Legge del 18 maggio 1941 n. 452[1]). It lasted until September 1943.
History
In April 1941 the Italians conquered coastal Dalmatia from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. They created some provinces in that region, that lasted until September 1943. One was the province of Cattaro. The administrative capital was the city of Cattaro (now Kotor).[2]
The province (subdivided in 15 "Comuni") had an area of 547 Km2 and a population of 39,800 inhabitants. Most of the province's inhabitants were Montenegrins, Croats and Serbs, but there were even 300 Dalmatian Italians, concentrated in Cattaro and Perasto (now Perast).
The Italians improved the region by building hospitals and infrastructures, but even started a process of Italianization. Because of this, in summer 1942 there was a small insurrection against the Italian conquest, but without huge consequences until summer 1943.
In September 1943 the German army took control of the region from the Italians, who has surrendered to the Allies, and soon started a terrible guerrilla war between the Nazi occupiers and Joseph Broz Tito's partisans. The province was abolished in the same September.
Administrative subdivision
IMAGE:Map of the Province of Cattaro.
The 15 "Comuni" were (in Italian the official name and in Montenegrin the actual):
•Cattaro / Kotor
•Cartolle / Krtole
•Castelnuovo di Cattaro / Herceg Novi
•Dobroto / Dobrota
•Gruda / Gruda
•Lastua Inferiore / Donja Lastva
•Lustizza / Luštica
•Mulla / Muo
•Perasto / Perast
•Perzagno / Prčanj
•Risano / Risan
•Stolivo Inferiore / Donji Stoliv
•Sutorina / Sutorina
•Teodo / Tivat
•Zuppa / Grbali
See also
•Governatorate of Dalmatia
•Province of Spalato
•Province of Zara
Notes
1.^ R.D.L. 18 maggio 1941, n. 452
2.^ Davide Rodogno. Fascism European Empire
Bibliography
•Rodogno, Davide. Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo, ed. Bollati Boringhieri, Turin, 2003
Categories: Former subdivisions of Italy
States and territories established in 1941
States and territories disestablished in 1943
20th century in Italy
History of Dalmatia
Italy–Yugoslavia relations
Yugoslavia in World War II
Montenegro in World War II
Bay of Kotor
====================================================
PROVINCE OF SPALATO
IMAGE:Map of the "Spalato province" and the Governorate of Dalmatia.
IMAGE:Italian warship in the Spalato Harbour after the annexation into Italy in 1941.
Spalato (province) was a province of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia, during World War II.
History
In April 1941 the Italians conquered coastal Dalmatia from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. They created some provinces in that region, that lasted until September 1943. One was the province of Spalato. The administrative capital was the city of Spalato (now: Split).[1]
The province had an area of 1075 Km2 and a population of 128000 inhabitants. Most of the province's inhabitants were Croats, but there were even 3000 Dalmatian Italians, concentrated in Spalaro and Traù (now: Trogir).
The Italians improved the regionby building hospitals and infrastructures, but even started a process of Italianization. Because of this, in summer 1942 there was a small insurrection against the Italian conquest, but without huge consequences until summer 1943.
In September 1943 the German army took control of the region from the Italians, who has surrendered to the Allies, and soon started a terrible guerrilla war between the Nazi occupiers and Joseph Broz Tito's partisans. The province was cancelled in the same September and later annexed to Ante Pavelic's Croatia.
Administrative subdivision
IMAGE:Map of the Province of Spalato.
The 15 "Comuni" were (in Italian the official name and in Croatian the actual):
•Spalato / Split
•Blatta / Blato
•Castella Inferiore o Castel Vecchio / Kaštel Stari o Donji Kaštel
•Castelli / Kaštel Sućurac
•Castel Vitturi / Kaštel Lukšić
•Comisa / Komiža
•Curzola / Korčula
•Lagosta / Lastovo
•Lissa / Vis
•Meleda / Mljet
•Solta / Šolta
•Traù / Trogir
•Vallegrande / Vela Luka
See also
•Governatorate of Dalmatia
•Spalato
•Province of Cattaro
Notes
1.^ Davide Rodogno. Fascism European Empire
Bibliography
•Rodogno, Davide. Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo, ed. Bollati Boringhieri, Turin, 2003
Categories: Former subdivisions of Italy
States and territories established in 1941
States and territories disestablished in 1943
20th century in Italy
History of Dalmatia
Italy–Yugoslavia relations
Yugoslavia in World War II
====================================
CARLOS LUIS CASTELLI
'''Carlos Luis Castelli''' ([[Torino]],1790 - [[Caracas]],1860), fue un militar [[Italia|italiano]] e ilustre prócer de la independencia de [[Venezuela]]. http://www.efemeridesvenezolanas.com/ima... Imagen de Carlo Luigi Castelli]
==Biografia==
Castelli fue un general nacido en Italia con el nombre "Carlo Luigi", que luchó con [[Simon Bolívar]] por la independencia de Venezuela. Hijo de un medico de [[Piemonte]], Carlo Luigi Castelli empezó su vida en San Sebastiano Po (Turín), Italia) el 18 de diciembre de 1790 y desde joven se unió a [[Napoleón I|Napoleón Buonaparte]]. Fue un ardiente luchador por los ideales de la [[Revolución Francesa]] y por el recién creado [[Reino de Italia (1805-1814)|Reino de Italia napoleónico]]. Con la derrota del emperador francés en 1815, Castelli -amargado- vino a las Americas.
Conoció al [[Simon Bolívar|Libertador]] en [[Haití]] y desde entonces lo siguió en su lucha por la independencia de Venezuela, destacándose por sus conocimientos militares. Castelli se distinguió en la Batalla de Carabobo de 1821 con el ''Batallón de Apure'' (era el coronel al cuyo mando estos llaneros sostuvieron el primer ataque de la batalla, muriendo casi la mitad de ellos). Sucesivamente con su batallón de ''Cazadores de Occidente'' se distinguió en Colombia recibiendo elogios del mismo Bolívar.
{{Quote|''Ilustre Prócer de la Independencia, de origen italiano. Después de servir en la guardia joven del Emperador Napoleón I, a su caída (1815) pasó a América, con otros oficiales y en 1816 se unió al Libertador en Los Cayos de Haití. Con él estuvo en la ruta de Clarines en los triunfos de Barcelona y toma de las dos Guayanas (1817), apresando un bergantín y auxiliando en Guiria a los sitiados.Pasó a las Antillas y en 1818 regresó a Angostura, esta vez en compañía del Batallón Británico. Como capitán de una compañía, fogueó reclutas en las misiones y en 1819 se halló con el General Páez en La Cruz, como también en Portuguesa, Apurito y Barinas. Ascendió en 1820 a teniente coronel y recibió la condecoración de la "Estrella de los Libertadores". Dirigió fortificaciones en San Fernando y en 1821 formando parte del Batallón Apure, fue de los gloriosos vencedores de Carabobo, pasando luego con fuerzas al sitio de Puerto Cabello y a San Felipe como Jefe Civil y Militar.Con Carlos Núñez triunfó en Chaparé de Coro en 1822. sostuvo la ruta de Dabajuro y le fue hecho efectivo su grado de teniente coronel. '' http://www.efemeridesvenezolanas.com/sec... General Castelli]}}
Después del destierro y muerte del Libertador, sufrió persecuciones por su apoyo fiel a Bolívar y volvió a Italia (donde se casó con Paola Sacchero http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carl...(Dizionario_Biografico)/ Treccani: Biografia di Carlo Luigi Castelli (en italiano)]). Pero en 1844 regresó a Caracas con el cargo de "Cónsul en Venezuela del Reino de Cerdeña" bajo el gobierno del Rey Carlos Alberto de Saboya y sucesivamente apoyó el primer gobierno de Monagas en 1848 (que lo ascendió a "General"). En 1850 Castelli se hizo ciudadano venezolano.
[[Jose Tadeo Monagas]] nombró a Carlos Luis Castelli como "Ministro de Guerra" en 1858 (Castelli por 4 veces fue ministro: dos como titular y dos como interino https://books.google.es/books?id=KEJCW4E... Castelli ministro de Venezuela]). Su ultima acción fue evitar la guerra civil entre Monagas y [[Julián Castro]] https://books.google.it/books?id=d0Cbt9R... Castelli y la guerra de los Caudillos] durante la llamada [[Revolución de Marzo]].
Murió en Caracas en 1860, en parte a causa de las heridas sufridas en combate, dejando una hija de nombre Josefa Castelli Sacchero.
En 1876 el Presidente [[Guzman Blanco]] decretó que sus restos fueran colocados en el [[Panteón Nacional de Venezuela]].
==Legado==
El legado de Carlos Luis Castelli, a parte de lo que aportó en combate para la independencia de Venezuela, se puede colocar en dos sectores:
*1) el Civil. Fue el primer promotor de la emigración de italianos a Venezuela: en 1841 viajó a Italia y trató de hacer llegar a Venezuela un barco con unos 300 italianos, que desafortunadamente se hundió en el Mediterraneo apenas salido de la peninsula italiana en Toscana. Aunque la mayoria de estos italianos renunció a completar el viaje hacia La Guayra, uno de ellos de nombre Domenico Milano logró completar el viaje y llegó a Caracas en 1843. Milano (que era un ingeniero agrónomo) fundó los primeros "estudios agronómicos superiores" de Venezuela con el establecimiento de la ''Escuela Normal de Agricultura'' (actual Facultad de Agronomía de la UCV) por la Diputación Provincial de Caracas el 9 de diciembre 1843. http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?pid=... La educación agrícola en América Latina: Los estudios superiores agronómicos. Universidad Central de Venezuela/Facultad de Agronomía]
*2) el histórico-político. Logró evitar el inicio de la guerra civil en Venezuela -segun Marisa Vannini- mediando entre Monagas y Julian Castro en los años cincuenta del siglo XIX. A su muerte se desataron la [[Guerra Federal]] y las revoluciones con golpes de estado (como el ''Guzmancismo'') que por casi medio siglo ensangrentaron la sociedad venezolana. Al momento de morir Castelli era el ultimo "europeo" de alto cargo en Venezuela crecido con los ideales napoleónicos, y en sus últimos años de vida trató de mantener la unidad de los que lucharon por la independencia de Venezuela.
==Notas==
==Bibliografia==
* Vannini, Marisa. ''Carlos Luis Castelli: Documentos: Vida y Obra Del General de División Carlos Luis Castelli, Ilustre Prócer de la Independencia''. Cámara de Comercio, Industria y Agricultura Venezolana-Italiana. Caracas, 1988 ISBN 980300221X
==Vease también==
*[[Revolución de Marzo]]
*[[Historia de Venezuela]]
[[Categoría:Historia de Venezuela]]
[[Categoría:Militares de la Guerra de Independencia venezolana (próceres)]]
[[Categoría: Militares de la Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela]]
=====================================
PLAZA ITALIA
{{Ficha de parque
|nombre = Plaza Italia
(Caracas)
|otros nombres = Piazza Italia di Caracas
|mapa_loc =Venezuela
|mapa_alternativo =
|pos_etiqueta_mapa_loc =
|pie_mapa_loc =
|tam_mapa_loc = 250px
|imagen =Church in Caracas.jpg
|tamaño imagen =
|descripción = La Plaza Italia dominada por la iglesia NS de Lourdes
|mapa =
|tamaño mapa =
|pie mapa =
|x = |y =
|tipo = Parque urbano - Plaza
|localización =[[Parroquia San Juan (Caracas)|Parroquia San Juan]]
[[Municipio Libertador de Caracas|Municipio Libertador]]
[[Caracas]]
{{bandera2|Venezuela}}
|vías adyacentes =
|tamaño =
|creación =
|inauguración =
|denominación =
|operador =
|visitantes =
|estatus =
}}
'''Plaza Italia'''http://www.caracas.gob.ve/la-alcaldia-de-caracas-continua-garantizando-espacios-limpios-a-la-comunidad/ es un espacio público localizado en el sector San Martín, Esquina de Palo Grandehttp://pastoralfamiliarcaracas.com... de la [[Parroquia San Juan (Caracas)|Parroquia San Juan]] del [[Municipio Libertador de Caracas|Municipio Libertador]] del [[Distrito Capital (Venezuela)|Distrito Capital]], en la parte oeste de la ciudad de [[Caracas]] y al centro norte del país sudamericano de [[Venezuela]]. Se ubica en la Avenida San Martín justo al frente de la iglesía de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, inaugurada en 1935. https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/2... Historia de la iglesia NS de Lourdes]
==Historia==
La Plaza Italia estaba localizada a finales del siglo XIX muy cerca de la estación terminal en Caracas (llamada ''Palo Grande'') del "Ferrocarril Alemán" o Ferrocarril Central de Venezuela ([[Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela|Caracas-Valencia]]). http://www.tramz.com/ve/cs/csm2.html Mapa del sistema ferroviario en Caracas, evidenciando la estacion "Palo Grande" cercana a la Plaza Italia]. La Plaza tenia a menos de un km al este la [[Plaza Capuchinos]], una de las primeras de la Caracas colonial, que le restaba importancia inicialmente.
La Plaza era mas grande a principios del siglo XX http://mariafsigillo.blogspot.com/2015/0... Foto de la Plaza y su iglesia en 1940], pero con la construcción de la avenida San Martin quedó reducida a menos de la mitad. La Plaza esta dominada por la imponente architectura de la iglesia de "Nuestra Señora de Lourdes", en estilo neogótico http://voce.com.ve/wp-content/uploads/20... Foto de la Iglesia N.S. de Lourdes y de parte de la Plaza Italia]
{{Quote|''El templo de la Plaza Italia fue el primero en tener "campanas a vuelo" en Caracas. Estas campanas -antes del desarrollo automotriz de la ciudad- daban un agradable sonido a todas las edificaciones alrededor del casco central caraqueño'' Don Matteo (Padre Escalabriniano) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/5695646840... La Plaza Italia, con fotos ]}}
Posee varios monumentos, entre ellos la llamada "Estatua de la Libertad" (representada por una imagen femenina llamada "Italia", creada en 1911 http://angeloadamo.net/tag/caracas/ Plaza Italia]) y el busto de [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].
[[File:Iglesia de Palo Grande 009.jpg|thumb|left|200px|La llamada "Estatua de la libertad", donada por Italia en 1911]]
La Estatua -hecha por Gaetano Chiaromonte http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entret... El Universal: Italias invisibles en Caracas]- tiene una dedicatoria en italiano donde se resalta que fue donada por el gobierno italiano para celebrar los cien años de la independencia y libertad de Venezuela.
En [[2007]] la Alcaldía del Municipio Libertador de Caracas y el Embajador de Italia inauguraron en la Plaza el monumento-busto a Garibaldi http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5THpKBR7CXU/Th... Foto del busto de Garibaldi] en conmemoración de los 200 años de su nacimiento en [[1807]]. Garibaldi fue uno de los promotores de la Unidad de Italia: en su busto y monumento hay una inscripción en italiano que dice: ''"Giuseppe Garibaldi Eroe Dei Due Mondi"'' (Jose Garibaldi, heroe de los dos mundos -el europeo y el americano)
La iglesia que domina la Plaza Italia tiene un estilo gótico, incluyendo los vitrales, y en la nave central se aprecian una serie de vitrales, todos dedicados a Jesús joven. En las naves laterales se observan vitrales describiendo a Jesús en su adultez. En el interior de la iglesia se aprecia una lectura del Víacrucis que vivió Cristo, pasaje que fue creado por un sacerdote ebanista.HoyVenezuela: iglesia NS de Lourdes. En 1950 fue instalado el "Altar Mayor", hecho en Italia con el famoso [[Mármol de Carrara]].
Después de la segunda guerra mundial el área alrededor de la plaza Italia fue poblada por una numerosa [[Italo-venezolanos|colonia de sicilianos y napolitanos del sur de Italia]]. Actualmente quedan unas pocas familias italianas, que celebran en la plaza y en la iglesia sus reuniones en algunas ocasiones.
Un periódico en italiano ha sido creado en 2013 con el nombre "Piazza Italia" http://www.faiv.com.ve/noticias/sale-a-l... Revista "Piazza Italia"], en clara referencia al hecho de que la Plaza ha sido uno de los puntos de reunión de los Italianos de Caracas (junto con la "Casa de Italia" y el "Centro Italo-Venezolano").
{{Commons|Category:Iglesia de Palo Grande}}
==Véase también==
*[[Plaza Bolívar (Venezuela)]]
*[[Plaza Capuchinos]]
*[[Plaza Altamira]]
*[[Plaza]]
*[[Anexo:Plazas, parques y paseos de Caracas]]
==Referencias==
{{listaref}}
==Enlaces externos==
* http://wikimapia.org/18736230/es/Plaza-I... Mapa de localización de la Plaza]
* http://hoyvenezuela.info/recorrer-los-si... Vista de la Plaza e iglesia, con comentarios]
{{ORDENAR:Italia, Plaza de}}
[[Categoría:Plazas de Caracas]]
[[Categoría:Municipio Libertador (Caracas)]]
[[Categoría:Bustos de Venezuela]]
=================================================
IGLESIA DE POMPEI
La '''Iglesia de Pompei''' es una iglesia recientemente construida en [[Caracas]] para la [[Italo-venezolanos|comunidad italiana]]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Le5ANwj... Video de la Iglesia de Pompei (donación estatua "Virgen de Loreto")]
==Características==
La Iglesia pertenece a la [[Arquidiocesis de Caracas]] y es considerada una "Iglesia de comunidad" (llamadas también "Parroquias personales") http://www.arquidiocesisdecaracas.com/es... Parroquia de la iglesia de Pompei].
{{Quote|''La iglesia es un cuadrado de 25 metros por lado, más el altar mayor y los dos altares laterales. Todo el edificio está sostenido por cuatro columnas puestas en las cuatro esquinas. El edificio presenta una bóveda autoportante parabólica.De lado a la fachada hacia el sur se levanta un alto campanario. En la cumbre lleva un gran cruz iluminada. El campanario está sostenido con cabezales y vigas de riostra adecuadas y unidas a toda la estructura en concreto de la iglesia.'' http://www.reocities.com/heartland/cabin... Historia de la Iglesia de Pompei]}}
Los trabajos de la iglesia empezaron en 1967 y terminaron en 1969. El arquitecto fue Domenico Filippone (que hizo también la ''Casa de Italia'', recibiendo la condecoración de la "Orden de Miranda"), mientras que el ingeniero estructuralista fue Giorgio Bruttini. El estilo arquitectónico es completamente moderno y se amalgama perfectamente dentro de la abundante vegetación de la "Alta Florida" (la iglesia se encuentra a menos de un Km del "Country Club" de Caracas).
El altar mayor tiene un ''Cristo resucitado'' (creado por el escultor Aldo D'Alamo), que domina el interior de la iglesia http://www.reocities.com/heartland/cabin... Interior de la iglesia]. La iglesia se encuentra ubicada al lado de una escuela con el mismo nombre, con cursos en italiano y español, dirigida por los "[[Scalabrinianos|Padres Escalabrinianos]]".
==Notas==
==Vease tambien==
* [[Edificaciones religiosas de Caracas]]
* [[Italo-venezolanos]]
==Bibliografía==
*Cassani Pironti, Fabio. ''Gli italiani in Venezuela dall’Indipendenza al Secondo Dopoguerra'' Roma, 2004
[[Categoría:iglesias de Caracas]]
====================================================
[[File:Mogadishu International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|Original building of Petrella airport, restructured and still in use]]
'''Petrella-Mogadiscio aeroporto''' was the first international airport in [[Italian Somalia]]. It was opened in 1928 with the name "Enrico Petrella" in honor of an Italian pilot who died in the same airport of [[Mogadiscio italiana]]. Actually it has been improved and is the [[Mogadishu Airport|Mogadishu international airport]].
==History==
The initial Mogadishu airport was established in 1928 with the name "''Aeroporto Petrella di Mogadiscio''", the first such facility to be opened in the [[Horn of Africa]].
[[File:Romeo Ro.1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A "Romeo Ro.1" airplane used by Squadriglia Mogadiscio, based on Petrella airport]]
It was located nearly 5 km south of [[Mogadiscio]]'s port: since 1938 a bus service (one of the first in Africa) was connecting the airport with the colonial Italian city and its port.
It served as the main military airport serving [[Italian Somaliland]]. The "36 Squadriglia Mogadiscio" was based there since 1926 http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/storiaT... Historical documents: section Somalia; page 11] The airport was the center for Italian air-raids & bombings on southern [[Ethiopia]] during the Italian conquest of Abyssinia in 1935-1936.
In 1930 the airport was known worldwide because the pilot Francis Lombardi flew from Rome to Mogadiscio in the same flight, obtaining an aviation record http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luc... Video showing the Petrella airport and the Lombardi airplane]
In the mid-1930s, the airport began offering civilian and commercial flights. http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/... Photo of Petrella-Mogadiscio airport] A regular [[Asmara]]-[[Assab]]-Mogadishu commercial route was started in 1935, with an [[Ala Littoria]] [[Caproni Ca.133|Caproni 133]] providing 13-hour flights from the Mogadishu airport to [[Italian Eritrea]]. The aircraft had a maximal capacity of 18 passengers, which at the time was a record. In 1936, Ala Littoria launched an intercontinental connection between Mogadishu-Asmara-[[Khartoum]]-[[Tripoli]] and Rome. The voyage lasted four days and was one of the first long range flights in the world.{{cite web|last=Flavio Riccitelli (A.I.D.A.)|title=ALA LITTORIA S.A. (1934–1941)|url=http://www.ilpostalista.it/unico2004pag55.htm|publisher=Il Postalista|accessdate=7 October 2013}}
{{Quote|''In 1934 the Italian aviation in Somalia -under the orders of captain Pocci- was made of the "Squadriglia di Mogadiscio" with 9 Romeo Ro-1, the group that attacked Ual-Ual (starting the 1935 italo-ethiopian war)...''Paolo Ferrari, p 308}}
In 1939 the Petrella airport was started to be enlarged, but the beginning of [[WWII]] blocked the works. During the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] the airport was greatly damaged.
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
* Ferrari, Paolo. ''L'aeronautica italiana: una storia del Novecento''. Editore FrancoAngeli, 2004 ISBN 8846451090 ( https://books.google.it/books?id=zwdQOqm... ])
* Mannone Guido, ''Le Ali del Littorio - Piccola Storia dell'Aviazione Civile Italiana'', Grafica Bierre, 2004.
==See also==
* [[Italian Somalia]]
* [[Mogadiscio italiana]]
* [[Mogadishu Airport]]
* [[Ala Littoria]]
{{Somalia italiana (colonia)}}
[[Category:Italian Somaliland]]
============================================================
{{Navbox
| name = Somalia italiana (Colonia)
| title = Somalia italiana
| state = {{{state|}}}
| listclass = hlist
| image = [[File:GrandeSomaliasettembre1940.gif]]
| group1 = Main authorities
| list1 =
* [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III]]
* [[Benito Mussolini|Prime Minister Benito Mussolini]]
* [[List of viceroys of Italian East Africa]]
| group2 = Governors
| list2 =
* [[List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland|Italian Governors of Somalia]]
* Main Colonial governors: [[Vincenzo Filonardi]]; [[Giacomo De Martino (governor)|Giacomo De Martino]]; [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]]; [[Rodolfo Graziani]]; [[Carlo De Simone]]
| group3 = General History
| list3 =
* [[Italian Somalia]]
* [[Italian Trans-Juba]]
* [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
* [[Somalia Governorate]]
* [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland]]
* [[French Somaliland in World War II|Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland]]
* [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]]
* [[Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia|Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941-1943)]]
* [[Trust Territory of Somalia]]
* [[Italy–Somalia relations]]
| group4 = Infrastructures
| list4 =
* [[Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Somalia]]
* [[Linea dell'Impero]]
* [[Petrella-Mogadiscio aeroporto]]
* [[Railways of Italian colonies|History of Italian colonial railways]]
* [[Villa Somalia]]
* [[Circuito automobilistico di Mogadiscio]]
* [[Governor's Palace of Mogadishu]]
* [[Port of Mogadishu|Porto di Mogadiscio]]
| group5 = Related articles
| list5 =
* [[Italian Somalians]]
* [[Mogadiscio]]
* [[Benadir]]
* [[Imperial Italy (fascist)|Imperial Italy]]
* [[Italian East Africa]]
* [[Italian East African lira]]
* [[Italian Somaliland lira]]
* [[Italian Somaliland rupia]]
* [[Italian Somaliland somalo]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba]]
* [[Roman Catholicism in Somalia]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio]]
* [[Mogadishu Cathedral]]
| group6 = Colonial troops
| list6 =
* [[Royal Corps of Colonial Troops]]
* [[Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops]]
* [[Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)]]
* [[Dubats]]
* [[Italian African Police]]
* [[Bands (Italian Army irregulars)|Bands]]
* [[Zaptié]]
}}
==========================================================================
ITALIAN COUNTERATTACK IN GELA (JULY 1943)
This scenario represent the first counterattack, carried out in the first hours of the same
day of the disembarkation in Sicily, from the Axis troops against the American forces
disembarked on the beaches of the city of Gela. The attack, carried from the Italian Mobile
Group “E” coming from Niscemi, was carried out without coordination with the units of the
German division “Herman Goering” that also had received order to attack the beaches of
disembarkation.
The action however was lead with energy and courage, in spite of the losses endured in
phase of approach to the city for the fire of cruiser USS BOISE, in fact the Italians tanks
succeeded to penetrate in the first roads of the city. The Americans defenders, pertaining
to 1st Rangers Battalion (Darby's Rangers), found in difficulty for the lack of anti-tank
weapons, besides the bazooka of normal equipment, therefore they were forced to engage
a fight road for road with the Italians tanks (Renault R35 ex French, booty of war),
attacking them with grenades and in a case, also with explosive charges, launch from the
balconies and the roofs of the houses. The situation was resolved to advantage of the
Americans when the Col. Darby taken, with to an other official, a jeep and succeeded to
find on the disembarkation beaches a 37 mm. antitank gun. It quickly carried on the place
of the combat and thanks to the fire of the gun (Col. Darby personally destroyed an Italian
tank) the Americans rejected the adversaries. The Mobile Group “E” was forced therefore
to withdraw itself, but it would have renewed own attack, without greater fortune, the
morning of the successive day with units of the Infantry Division “Livorno”.
Italian Order of Battle (test @19 casualties)
GRUPPO MOBILE “E”
HQ: CO (Ten. Col. Conti) + 3 Figs. + Lancia Aprilia staff car.
1st Co. CI Battaglione Carri R-35: 3 x Renault R-35.
2nd Co. CII Battaglione C.C. 47/32: 6 Figs. + 2 x 47/32 A.T. guns + 2 x trucks.
4th Co. 501th Battaglione Costiero: 10 Figs. + truck.
155th Co. Motorcyclists: 10 Figs. + 6 motorcycles.
9th Batteria 75/18 III Gp. 54th Art. “Napoli”: 4 figs. + 75/18 gun + truck + 2 Figs.
OP. + Fiat 508 car.
1st Section 326th Batteria 20mm “Assietta”: 3 figs. + 20 mm. A.A. Breda
machine gun + truck.
1 civil sharpshooter.
American Order of Battle (test @17 casualties)
1st -2nd RANGERS BATTALION (DARBY’S RANGERS)
HQ: CO (Col. William O. Darby) + 4 Figs. + 60 mm. mortar.
Ranger Co. “A”: 5 Figs. + Bazooka.
Ranger Co. “B”: 5 Figs. + Bazooka.
Ranger Co. “C”: 5 Figs. + Demo Charge.
Ranger Co. “D”: 5 Figs. + 30 cal MMG.
Ranger Co. “E”: 5 Figs. + 30 cal MMG.
Ranger Co. “F”: 5 Figs. + 30 cal MMG.
Reinforcements:
1 jeep + 37 mm. A.T. gun.
Naval Forces
USS BOISE (CL 47): 2 x 6” (152mm) shot for turn (15 points Table 5).
AOP USS BOISE: Vought OS2U “Kingfisher” (Lt. C.G. Lewis).
------------------
NB: Read complete section at https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA... (Gela; The US ARMY in WWII)
-----------------
Riassunto dettagliato fatto da un Ranger : http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-3...
----------------------
http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/... SEI UN PRIGIONIERO ITALIANO? ALLORA TI SPARO (Strage di circa 200 italiani civili e militari) all'aeroporto di Biscari il 14 luglio 1943
=================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment